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Biographies

Biography
Sa'id al-Karmi
1852 - 1935
Biography
Ali al-Rimawi
1860 - 1919
Biography
As‘ad al-Shuqairi
1860 - February 1940
Biography
Jurji Habib Hanania
1864 - 1920
Biography
May Ziadeh
11 February 1886 - 19 October 1941
Biography
Omar al-Saleh al-Barghouti
1894 - 22 June 1965
Biography
Najati Sidqi
15 May 1905 - 17 November 1979
Biography
Abd al-Hamid al-Sayih
1907 - 8 January 2001
Biography
Badr Lama
23 April 1907 - 1 October 1947
Biography
Abd al-Rahim Mahmoud
1913 - 13 July 1948
Biography
Anwar Nuseibeh
1913 - 1986
Biography
Haydar Abd al-Shafi
10 June 1919 - 25 September 2007
Biography
Fatima al-Budeiri
1923 - June 2009
Biography
Yusra al-Barbari
15 April 1923 - 13 May 2009
Biography
Muin Bseiso
1926 - 23 January 1984
Biography
Issam Abd al-Hadi
1928 - 8 August 2013
Biography
Samira Abu Ghazaleh
1928 - 12 January 2017
Biography
Hanna Abu Hanna
16 October 1928 - 2 February 2022
Biography
Ibrahim Dakkak
1929 - 2 June 2016
Biography
Ibrahim Abu-Lughod
15 February 1929 - 23 May 2001
Biography
Bassam Shak’a
1930 - 22 July 2019
Biography
Bashir Barghouti
1931 - 9 September 2000
Biography
Shafiq al-Hout
13 January 1932 - 2 August 2009
Biography
Edward W. Said
1 November 1935 - 24 September 2003
Biography
Ezzedine Kalak
1936 - 3 August 1978
Biography
Bayan Nuwayhed al-Hout
1937
Biography
Youssef Sami al-Youssef
1938 - 2 May 2013
Biography
Samih al-Qasim
1939 - 19 August 2014
Biography
May Sayegh
1941 - 5 February 2023
Biography
Mahmoud Darwish
13 March 1941 - 9 August 2008
Biography
Fathi Shiqaqi
4 January 1951 - 26 October 1995
Biography
François Abou Salem
16 November 1951 - 1 October 2011
Biography
Dalal al-Mughrabi
29 December 1959 - 11 March 1978
Biography
Ismail Haniyeh
1962 - 31 July 2024

Events

Event
Establishment of the Reform Party
18 June 1935
Event
Mahmoud Darwish Publishes First Book of Poetry, 'Asafeer bila Ajniha (Wingless Birds)
1960
Event
Mahmoud al-Hamshari Is Assassinated in Paris
8 December 1972 - 9 January 1973
Event
Palestinian-Israeli Declaration of Principles Signed in Washington
13 September 1993
Event
Multilevel Gaza-Jericho Negotiations
12 December 1993 - 23 February 1994
Event
The Beilin-Abu Mazen Document
31 October 1995
Event
Feverish Settlement Activities After Wye Memorandum
26 October 1998 - 15 November 1998
Event
Setting Up Israeli-Palestinian Back Channel
1 December 1999 - 5 May 2000
Event
Assassination Attempt of Raed Karmi in Tulkarm
6 September 2001
Event
Assassination of Mahmoud Abu Hanud near Nablus
23 November 2001
Event
With the Assassination of Abu Hanud, Israeli-Palestinian Confrontation Reaches a New Level
26 November 2001 - 15 December 2001
Event
Arafat Accepts the Creation of a Prime Minister Position
9 February 2003 - 6 March 2003
Event
PLO Central Council Meeting Is Held in Ramallah
8 March 2003 - 9 March 2003
Event
Mahmoud Abbas Forms the Palestinian Government
19 March 2003 - 29 April 2003
Event
US formally Presents Israel and the PA with the Road Map
30 April 2003
Event
Assassination of Yusuf Abu Hin in Gaza City
1 May 2003
Event
The PLO Approves the Road Map
3 May 2003 - 11 May 2003
Event
Abbas and Sharon Meet in Jerusalem
17 May 2003 - 29 May 2003
Event
Aqaba Summit: Bush, Abdullah, Abbas, and Sharon Meet
4 June 2003
Event
Mahmoud Abbas Resigns as Prime Minister
6 September 2003
Event
Smooth and Constitutional Transition in PLO and PA Leadership
11 November 2004 - 1 December 2004
Event
Palestinian Presidential Elections: Mahmoud Abbas Is Elected
1 December 2004 - 15 January 2005
Event
Palestinian Efforts to Stop Anti-Israeli Attacks: An Informal One-Month Truce
17 January 2005 - 26 January 2005
Event
Abbas-Sharon Summit in Sharm al-Shaykh
8 February 2005
Event
Resumption of Israeli-Palestinian Security Coordination
15 February 2005 - 30 April 2005
Event
New Palestinian Cabinet under Ahmad Qurai'
24 February 2005
Event
Palestinian Dialogue Conference Held in Cairo
15 March 2005 - 17 March 2005
Event
17th Arab Summit Meets in Algiers
22 March 2005 - 23 March 2005
Event
Mahmoud Abbas's First Visit to White House as PA President
26 May 2005
Event
Disengagement: Celebrations in Gaza
12 September 2005 - 24 September 2005
Event
Assassination of Mahmoud Arqan in Rafah
7 December 2005
Event
The Return of Palestinian Diplomatic Representation to Lebanon
6 January 2006 - 17 August 2011
Event
Palestinian Legislative Election Results: Initial Israeli and International Reactions
27 January 2006 - 5 February 2006
Event
Palestinian Legislative Election Results: Initial Palestinian Reactions
27 January 2006 - 4 May 2006
Event
PA New Legislature and Consultations to Form a New Cabinet
18 February 2006 - 16 March 2006
Event
Formation of the Hamas-Led Cabinet
19 March 2006 - 28 March 2006
Event
Abbas's Control Over PA Security Forces
5 April 2006 - 11 April 2006
Event
Hamas-Led PA Ministry of Interior Establishes the Executive Support Force in Gaza
20 April 2006 - 25 May 2006
Event
A “Temporary International Mechanism” to Channel Funds Through Abbas’s Office
9 May 2006 - 27 July 2006
Event
The Prisoners' Initiative: National Conciliation Document
10 May 2006 - 13 May 2006
Event
Assassination of Mahmud al-Majzub in Sidon
26 May 2006
Event
Fatah-Hamas Clashes
26 May 2006 - 24 June 2006
Event
Palestinian Factions Agree on the National Conciliation Document
27 June 2006
Event
Intra-Palestinian Dynamics: The False Hopes of National Unity Talks
25 August 2006 - 23 September 2006
Event
Palestinian Unity Talks: A Cabinet of Technocrats?
6 November 2006 - 20 November 2006
Event
Gaza Escalation Followed by a Negotiated Cease-Fire
20 November 2006 - 26 November 2006
Event
The US to Strengthen Security Forces Loyal to Abbas
14 December 2006 - 5 January 2007
Event
The US Revisits the Road Map
14 January 2007 - 15 January 2007
Event
Saudi Initiative for Palestinian Unity: the Mecca Accord
28 January 2007 - 8 February 2007
Event
International Responses to Palestinian Unity Efforts
2 February 2007 - 19 February 2007
Event
Formation of the Palestinian Unity Government
15 March 2007 - 17 March 2007
Event
A Mixed International Reception to the Palestinian Unity Government
17 March 2007 - 31 March 2007
Event
Fatah-Hamas Infighting Resumes
11 May 2007 - 20 May 2007
Event
Emergency Cabinet in the West Bank
14 June 2007 - 26 June 2007
Event
Reactions to West Bank-Gaza Strip Split
17 June 2007 - 20 June 2007
Event
PLO Central Council Meeting Is Held in Ramallah
20 June 2007 - 21 June 2007
Event
Fayyad's Emergency Government Becomes a de facto Regular Government
5 July 2007 - 14 July 2007
Event
Bush's Policy Speech and Call for an International Conference
16 July 2007
Event
Abbas-Olmert Meetings to Reach Understandings Before the International Conference
6 August 2007 - 10 September 2007
Event
Palestinian and Israeli Teams to Prepare Annapolis International Conference
20 September 2007 - 25 November 2007
Event
The Annapolis Conference Opens a New Round of Palestinian-Israeli Talks
27 November 2007
Event
Post-Annapolis Talks on Final Status: Bad Start
12 December 2007 - 27 December 2007
Event
Relentless Israeli-Palestinian Confrontation in Gaza
15 January 2008 - 22 January 2008
Event
Gaza Palestinians Break Out into Sinai
23 January 2008 - 3 February 2008
Event
Post-Annapolis Talks on Final Status: A Disappointing Abbas-Bush Meeting
24 April 2008
Event
Post-Annapolis Talks on Final Status: Olmert's Political Gamble
31 August 2008 - 16 September 2008
Event
Israel Breaks the Gaza Cease-Fire
4 November 2008 - 30 November 2008
Event
The PLO Central Council Meets in Ramallah
23 November 2008 - 24 November 2008
Event
War on Gaza: Calls for Active Diplomacy
4 January 2009 - 5 January 2009
Event
The Obama Administration Prepares its Peace Initiative with the Arab Side
21 April 2009 - 28 May 2009
Event
Fatah Sixth General Conference Renews Its Governing Bodies
8 August 2009 - 11 August 2009
Event
US Resolve on Settlement Freeze Peters Out
19 August 2009 - 22 September 2009
Event
Egypt's Efforts for Palestinian Reconciliation Fail Once More
9 September 2009 - 25 October 2009
Event
The Goldstone Report and Palestinian Erratic Decision-Making
29 September 2009 - 16 October 2009
Event
Clinton's Disturbing Misstep on Settlements
31 October 2009 - 3 November 2009
Event
UNGA Res. 64/10: Endorsing the Goldstone Report and Calling Upon both Sides to Investigate the Violations Reported in it
5 November 2009
Event
Palestinian Legislative and Presidential Elections Postponed
12 November 2009
Event
PLO Central Council Meeting Is Held in Ramallah
15 December 2009 - 16 December 2009
Event
The US Tries to Launch Israeli-Palestinian Talks Through Letters of Guarantee
16 December 2009 - 4 January 2010
Event
The US Tries to Launch Israeli-Palestinian “Proximity” Talks
7 January 2010 - 8 February 2010
Event
Assassination of Mahmoud al-Mabhuh in Dubai
20 January 2010 - 31 January 2010
Event
The Arab League and the PLO Endorse Israeli-Palestinian Proximity Talks
3 March 2010 - 7 March 2010
Event
US Offers Ambiguous Assurances to the Palestinians
20 April 2010 - 21 April 2010
Event
With the Arab League Blessing, Israeli-Palestinian Proximity Talks Are Launched
22 April 2010 - 20 May 2010
Event
President Obama Meets Netanyahu and Pushes the Palestinians for Direct Talks with Israel
6 July 2010 - 23 August 2010
Event
Direct Israeli-Palestinian Talks, Mediated by George Mitchell, Formally Relaunched in Washington
1 September 2010 - 2 September 2010
Event
Direct Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations Held in Sharm al-Shaykh and Jerusalem
14 September 2010 - 15 September 2010
Event
Israel's Temporary and Partial Settlement Freeze Is not Extended
20 September 2010 - 26 September 2010
Event
Abbas, Backed by the Arab League, Halts Palestinian-Israeli Direct Talks
30 September 2010 - 15 December 2010
Event
The PLO Considers Internationalization as an Alternative to Negotiations
16 October 2010
Event
Fatah Dispute with Muhammad Dahlan
28 December 2010 - 12 June 2011
Event
Impact of Democracy Drive in the Arab World on Palestinian Official Politics
14 February 2011 - 27 April 2011
Event
Abbas and Mishal Sign in Cairo a Record of Understandings Related to the 2009 National Conciliation Draft Agreement
4 May 2011 - 17 May 2011
Event
Abbas Confirms Palestinian UN Bid for Statehood
16 May 2011
Event
Palestinian Reconciliation Accord Put on Hold
14 June 2011 - 7 August 2011
Event
Despite US, European, and Arab Pressure, Abbas Submits a Request for Full UN Membership
12 September 2011 - 23 September 2011
Event
State of Palestine: Application for Admission to Membership in the United Nations
23 September 2011
Event
The Quartet Proposes a Vague Timetable for the Resumption of Negotiations
23 September 2011 - 14 December 2011
Event
Palestinian Reconciliation Meetings in Cairo
20 December 2011 - 22 December 2011
Event
Abbas and Mishal Sign the Doha Declaration and Then Agree on its Suspension
5 February 2012 - 23 February 2012
Event
Assassination of Zuhair al-Qaissi and Mahmoud Hanani in Gaza City
9 March 2012
Event
A Serious Round of Israeli-Palestinian Violence in Gaza
9 March 2012 - 13 March 2012
Event
Sensing an Insurmountable Deadlock, Abbas Sends a Letter to Netanyahu
17 April 2012
Event
Fayyad's Cabinet Reshuffle
16 May 2012
Event
Abbas Announces Intent to Apply for Observer State Status in Speech at UN General Assembly
27 September 2012
Event
Israel's 2012 Assault on Gaza, Day 2
15 November 2012
Event
John Kerry Conducts Shuttle Diplomacy for Resumption of Negotiations
4 March 2013 - 8 May 2013
Event
US President Barack Obama Visits Israel and Bethlehem and Ramallah
20 March 2013 - 21 March 2013
Event
Jordanian-Palestinian Agreement on Holy Sites in Jerusalem
31 March 2013
Event
Prime Minister Salam Fayyad Resigns
13 April 2013
Event
Toward Another Hamas-Fatah Agreement in Cairo
27 April 2013 - 14 May 2013
Event
China's Four-Point Proposal for Settlement of Palestinian Question
6 May 2013
Event
Rami Hamdallah Forms New Palestinian Government
2 June 2013 - 6 June 2013
Event
Terms of Talk Resumption as Sponsored by Kerry
28 July 2013
Event
Israeli-Palestinian Talks Accelerate for Nothing
25 September 2013 - 23 October 2013
Event
Israel's Settlement Expansion Disrupts the Palestinian Negotiation Team
31 October 2013 - 13 November 2013
Event
Aim of Talks Is No Longer a Comprehensive Agreement but a Framework Agreement
14 November 2013 - 31 January 2014
Event
Abbas Meeting with Kerry in Paris Ends in Total Failure
19 February 2014 - 21 February 2014
Event
Kerry Prepares Another Working Draft Framework for Negotiations
15 March 2014
Event
Abbas's Meeting With Obama in Washington Tests US Credibility
16 March 2014
Event
Stakes Related to Whether Israel Will Release, as Agreed, the 4th Group of Palestinian Prisoners
17 March 2014 - 29 March 2014
Event
With the Nonrelease of Prisoners, the Palestinian Leadership Applies for Access to 19 International Conventions
1 April 2014
Event
Abbas Sets Three Conditions for Extension of Negotiations
22 April 2014
Event
A PLO-Hamas Agreement (the Shati' Agreement) to Form a Conciliation Cabinet
23 April 2014
Event
Israel Announces the Suspension of Negotiations with the Palestinians
24 April 2014
Event
Formation of the Palestinian Unity Government
2 June 2014
Event
The 2014 Gaza War, Day 2
9 July 2014
Event
Egypt's Noncoordinated Cease-Fire Initiative Fails
14 July 2014 - 16 July 2014
Event
The 2014 Gaza War: Cease-Fire Talks in Cairo
11 August 2014 - 18 August 2014
Event
Failed Attempt at Empowering the Palestinian Unity Government in Gaza
7 September 2014 - 9 October 2014
Event
The PLO Strives for a Security Council Resolution Specifying a Timetable for Ending the Occupation
26 September 2014 - 28 November 2014
Event
Palestinian Leadership Debates End of Security Coordination with Israel
10 December 2014 - 14 December 2014
Event
Israel Freezes Transfer of Tax Revenues to the Palestinian Authority
1 January 2015 - 21 April 2015
Event
France and Arab League Consider Resuscitating Securty Council Initiative
15 January 2015 - 29 June 2015
Event
Palestinians in the West Bank Boycott Israeli Dairy and Processed Food Products
9 February 2015 - 2 March 2015
Event
UNGA Res. 69/320: Palestine Allowed to Raise Flag at UN
10 September 2015
Event
Abbas Outlines Six Potential Legal Steps in Speech at the UNGA
30 September 2015
Event
Netanyahu Reaffirms Status Quo at Haram al-Sharif; Cameras at Haram al-Sharif?
22 October 2015 - 24 October 2015
Event
France Plans to Resume its Peace Initiative
29 January 2016 - 16 February 2016
Event
Palestinian Teachers Go on Strike in the West Bank
7 February 2016 - 12 March 2016
Event
To Satisfy Israel, France Backpedals on an Important Component of its Peace Initiative
9 March 2016 - 23 May 2016
Event
Abbas Launches Diplomatic Activity at the UN to Get a Security Council Resolution on Israeli Settlements
22 September 2016 - 22 December 2016
Event
The Convening of Fatah's 7th General Conference Is Announced in Effort to Consolidate Abbas's Leadership
1 November 2016
Event
Fatah Seventh General Conference Is Held in Ramallah
29 November 2016 - 4 December 2016
Event
First Phone Contact Between Trump and Abbas
10 March 2017 - 12 March 2017
Event
Gaza and the Electricity Issue
27 April 2017 - 1 August 2017
Event
PLO President Mahmoud Abbas Meets with US President Donald Trump at the White House
3 May 2017
Event
President Trump's Visit to Israel
22 May 2017 - 23 May 2017
Event
President Trump's Visit to Bethlehem
23 May 2017
Event
Palestinian Official Response to Israel's Measures over the Haram al-Sharif
14 July 2017 - 21 July 2017
Event
China's New Four-Point Proposal for Settlement of Palestinian Question
18 July 2017
Event
As Israel Backtracks on Its Measures Concerning the Haram al-Sharif, Palestinian Pressure Continues and Succeeds
24 July 2017 - 4 August 2017
Event
Trump's Aides Seem Ready to Embark on Devising a Peace Plan
24 August 2017
Event
100-Year Anniversary of the Balfour Declaration
1 November 2017 - 2 November 2017
Event
The Fate of the PLO Diplomatic Office in Washington
17 November 2017
Event
Palestinian Diplomatic Activity after US Recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's Capital
6 December 2017 - 20 December 2017
Event
Abbas Signs 22 Treaties as a Response to Trump's Move on Jerusalem
18 December 2017
Event
President Mahmoud Abbas Presents Palestinian Peace Plan to Security Council
20 February 2018
Event
Assassination Attempt on PA PM Hamdallah and Intel Chief Faraj in Bayt Hanun
13 March 2018 - 19 March 2018
Event
PA Requests Membership of International Treaties and Conventions in Response to US Embassy Move
24 March 2018 - 6 June 2018
Event
29th Arab Summit Meets in Dhahran
15 April 2018
Event
23rd Palestine National Council Convenes in Ramallah
30 April 2018 - 3 May 2018
Event
The US Opens its Embassy in Jerusalem; Guatemala and Paraguay (Temporarily) Follow Suit
14 May 2018 - 15 May 2018
Event
Qatar's Assistance to Gaza
9 October 2018 - 8 November 2018
Event
PA President Abbas Signs Accession Papers for 11 International Organizations
15 November 2018
Event
The Palestinian Constitutional Court Considers the Legislative Council to Be Dissolved
12 December 2018 - 22 December 2018
Event
Hamdallah Resigns, Is Replaced by Mohammad Shtayyeh
29 January 2019 - 13 April 2019
Event
Israel Deducts Funds from the PA’s Tax Revenue
17 February 2019 - 2 May 2019
Event
PA President Mahmoud Abbas Tells UNGA that He Plans General Elections
26 September 2019 - 10 December 2019
Event
US Peace Plan – Palestinian and International Reactions
28 January 2020 - 11 February 2020
Event
COVID-19 Hits Palestine
5 March 2020 - 31 December 2020
Event
International and Palestinian Responses to Israel’s Annexation Plans
18 May 2020 - 23 June 2020
Event
UAE and Bahrain Announce Normalization with Israel
13 August 2020 - 11 September 2020
Event
After Threats of Annexation, Normalization Reignites Palestinian Reconciliation Talks
3 September 2020 - 24 September 2020
Event
Palestinian Reconciliation Comes again to a Standstill
1 October 2020 - 17 November 2020
Event
Saeb Erekat Succumbs to the COVID-19 Virus
8 October 2020 - 10 November 2020
Event
Hanan Ashrawi Resigns from PLO Executive Committee
9 December 2020
Event
Morocco Normalizes Relations with Israel in Exchange for US Recognition of Western Sahara as Part of Morocco
10 December 2020 - 14 December 2020

Historical Texts

Document
Memorandum Submitted by Arab Senior Government Officials to the High Commissioner
30 June 1936
Document
Report Submitted by the Arab Refugee Congress of Ramallah on al-Dawayima Massacre
14 June 1949
Document
Agreement between the Government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan And the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
14 March 1951
Document
UNRWA-Egypt Agreement on Economic and Engineering Surveys
30 June 1953
Document
Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements (Oslo I Accord)
13 September 1993
Document
Prime Minister Elect Ismail Haniyeh Presents New Government’s Program To the Palestinian Legislative Council
27 March 2006
Document
National Conciliation Document
27 June 2006
Document
Joint Understanding Between Israel and the PLO Read by President Bush
27 November 2007
Document
Mahmoud Abbas's Op-Ed in the New York Times: The Long Overdue Palestinian State
16 May 2011
Document
Application of Palestine for admission to membership in the United Nations
23 September 2011
Document
Jordanian-Palestinian Agreement on Holy Sites in Jerusalem
31 March 2013
Document
Mahmoud Abbas’s Speech at the 70th Session of the UNGA
30 September 2015
Document
Report of the Middle East Quartet
1 July 2016
Document
Mahmoud Abbas’s Op-Ed in The Guardian: Britain Must Atone for the Balfour Declaration – and 100 years of Suffering
1 November 2017
Document
Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry: On the Protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
28 February 2019

Historical Media

Document
Arab League Warnings
June 1946

Highlights

Highlight
The Palestinian Novel
Literature of the Oppressed in a Dispersed Geography
Highlight
The Palestinian Short Story
Exile, Sorrow, and Black Humor
Highlight
Palestinian Photographers before 1948
Documenting Life in a Time of Change
Highlight
Palestinian Visual Arts (III)
Explorers (1965-1995)
Highlight
The Palestine Communist Party
1919–1948
Highlight
The First Intifada, 1987-1993
Exhilaration of Revolt, Promise of Freedom
Highlight
Expressions of Cultural Life in Post-1948 Haifa
Toward an Autonomous Palestinian Field
Highlight
XI. The Al-Aqsa Intifada and the End of an Era in Palestinian Politics
2000-2006
Highlight
The Palestinian National Liberation Movement – Fatah (I)
1957-1990
Highlight
The Second Intifada, 2000-2005
Mounting Confrontation, Shattered Aspirations
Highlight
The Palestinian Poster
Popularizing National Landmarks and Symbols
Highlight
The Palestinian National Initiative Movement - Al-Mubadara
2002-present
Highlight
The Bosnians of Palestine
Highlight
The Palestinian Flag
A Symbol of Identity and Solidarity
Highlight
Meanings of the Nakba
Transformations through Time and Place
Highlight
Ottoman Territorial Reorganization, 1840-1917
Preliminary Sketches of Mandate Palestine's Boundaries
Highlight
The Palestinian National Liberation Movement – Fatah (II)
1990-present
Highlight
The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine
1980–present
Highlight
The Islamic Resistance Movement – Hamas
1987–present
Highlight
XII. A Palestinian Authority Divided, Israeli Assaults on Gaza, and Peace Process Setbacks
2006-2017
Highlight
Al-Dawayima, 29 October 1948
A Most Brutal Massacre Long Kept Under Wraps
Highlight
Spain and the Palestine Question
Upholding Support for Palestine Amidst Growing Relations with Israel
Highlight
The May 2021 Gaza War
Against New Challenges, Israel’s Old Recipes
Highlight
China and the Palestine Question
From Revolutionary Solidarity to Rhetorical Support
Highlight
The European Union and the Palestine Question
From Promising Ambitions to Crippling Divisions
Highlight
Husseiniyeh Refugee (Gathering) Camp
Syria
Highlight
The War on Gaza, 2008–2009
Israel’s Strategic Quandary
Highlight
Yarmouk Refugee Camp
Syria
Highlight
Beddawi Refugee Camp
Lebanon

Periods

Period
XI. Second Intifada and the Post-Arafat Era