Ghassan Kanafani

Ghassan Kanafani was born in Acre. His father was Fayiz Kanafani, a lawyer, and his mother was A’isha al-Salim. He had five brothers, Ghazi, Marwan, Adnan, Numan and Hassan; and two sisters, Fayzah and Suha. He was married to a Danish national, Anni Høver, and they had two children, Fayiz and Laila.

He attended the Collège des Frères in Jaffa. When he was twelve years old, he and his family were forced to leave Jaffa before it fell to the Zionist forces in 1948; they sought refuge in Lebanon. The family then left Lebanon for Syria and settled in Damascus.

In exile, he worked at a printing press; he later distributed newspapers and worked in a restaurant. In the daytime and at night he pursued his studies until he obtained the intermediate school certificate in 1953, and then he worked as an art teacher in UNRWA schools in Damascus.

His contact with Arab political activists who had established the Arab Nationalist Movement began in 1953. After he met George Habash, he began to write for the weekly magazine al-Ra’i.

After obtaining his secondary school certificate, Kanafani joined his sister in Kuwait in 1956 where he worked as an art and athletics teacher. While working as a teacher, he enrolled in the Arabic Department of Damascus University for three years while also being active in Kuwait in the Arab Nationalist Movement and at the Arab Cultural Club, which was dominated by the movement. He also wrote for the weekly magazine al-Fajr, which was published by the movement. In 1957, he published his first story, “A New Sun.”

Kanafani left Kuwait for Beirut in 1960, when the first symptoms of his diabetes were detected. There he joined the editorial board of the magazine al-Hurriyya published by the movement. In 1963 he became editor of the daily al-Muharrir and in charge of its monthly supplement Filastin. In 1967 he became the editor of the weekly supplement of the daily al-Anwar, remaining in that post until 1969.

Kanafani took part in founding the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine in December 1967 and was elected to its political bureau. He then became its official spokesman and was in charge of its media activities and in 1969 became editor of al-Hadaf, the movement’s magazine. He remained in that post until his assassination in 1972.

Ghassan Kanafani was a man of great originality and many talents. He wrote short stories, novels, and plays as well as journalistic articles and analytic studies; Arab publishing houses (including Dar al-Tali‘a, Mu’assasat al-Abhath al-‘Arabiyya, and Manshurat al-Rimal) have published editions of his collected works. Many of his works have been translated and published in sixteen languages.

He was also a talented painter. After he was assassinated, some of his novels and stories were turned into feature films or shorts, such as his first novel Men in the Sun, which in 1973 was adapted into a feature film entitled The Deceived. This film was directed by the Egyptian Tawfiq Salih and produced by the General Film Institution in Damascus. The film won the Golden Prize at the Carthage Festival for Arab and African cinema in 1973. Many critics consider this film as one of the most distinguished political films of world cinema, occupying tenth place in the list of the 100 most important movies of Arab cinema since its beginnings. This list was compiled after a survey of hundreds of critics and was announced at the Dubai International Film Festival in 2013.

In 1966, the Friends of the Book Society in Beirut awarded Kanafani its annual prize for his novel All That’s Left to You. He was posthumously awarded the World Union of Democratic Journalists prize in 1974 and the annual Lotus Prize for literature by the Union of Asian and African Writers in 1975. In 1990 the PLO awarded him the Jerusalem Medal for Culture, Arts and Literature.

Kanafani was assassinated in Beirut on 8 July 1972. The Israeli Mossad had placed an explosive charge in his car, which killed him and his niece, Lamis, who happened to be with him. He was buried in Beirut.

Ghassan Kanafani was a political activist who was deeply committed to the cause of Palestine; a man of letters; an accomplished artist; and one of the most prominent Arab novelists and modernist playwrights of the second half of the twentieth century. In his early literary writings Palestine was depicted as a cause in and of itself. Later on he came to see in Palestine a total human symbol whereby his stories and novels dealt not merely with the Palestinians and their problems but also, and through the figure of the Palestinian, the human predicament of agony and deprivation.

Selected Writings

Short Story Collections

"موت سرير رقم 12 وقصص أخرى". بيروت: منشورات دار منيمنة، 1961.

[Death of Bed Number 12 and Other Stories]

"أرض البرتقال الحزين". بيروت: الاتحاد العام لطلبة فلسطين، 1963.

[Land of Sad Oranges]

"عالم ليس لنا". بيروت: دار الطليعة، 1965.

[A World That Does Not Belong to Us]

Novels

"رجال في الشمس". بيروت: دار الطليعة، 1963.

[Men in the Sun]

"ما تبقى لكم". بيروت: دار الطليعة، 1966.

[All That’s Left to You]

"أم سعد". بيروت: دار العودة، 1969.

[Umm Sa‘d]

"عائد إلى حيفا". بيروت: دار العودة، 1969.

[Returning to Haifa]

Plays

"الباب". بيروت: دار الطليعة، 1964.

[The Door]

"القبعة والنبي". "شؤون فلسطينية"، العدد 20، نيسان/ أبريل 1973، ص 45- 76.

[The Hat and the Prophet]

 "جسر إلى الأبد". بيروت: مؤسسة الأبحاث العربية، 1982.

[A Bridge to Infinity]

Studies and Essays

"في الأدب الصهيوني". بيروت: منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية- مركز الأبحاث، 1967.

[On Zionist Literature]

"الأدب الفلسطيني المقاوم تحت الاحتلال 1948- 1966". بيروت: مؤسسة الدراسات الفلسطينية، 1968.

[Palestinian Resistance Literature under Occupation, 1948–1966]

"ثورة 1936- 1939: خلفيات وتفاصيل وتحليل". "شؤون فلسطينية"، العدد 6، كانون الثاني/ يناير 1972، ص 45- 77.

[The Revolution of 1936–39: Background, Details and Analysis]

Translations of Ghassan Kanafani’s Work

All That’s Left to You: A Novella and Other Stories. Translated from the Arabic by May Jayyusi and Jeremy Reed. Austin: University of Texas, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 1990.  

Männer und der Sonne. Basel, Germany: Lenos Verlag, 2008.

Men in the Sun, and Other Palestinian Stories. Translation from the Arabic by Hilary Kilpatrick. London: Heinemann Educational, 1978.

Palestine’s Children: Returning to Haifa & Other Stories. Translation from the Arabic by Barbara Harlow and Karen E. Riley. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000.

The Revolution of 1936–1939 in Palestine: Background, Details, and Analysis. Translated by Hazem Jamjoum, with an introduction from Layan Sima Fuleihan and an afterword from Maher Charif. New York: 1804 Books, 2023.

Des hommes dans le soleil. Roman présenté et traduit de l’arabe par Michel Seurat. Arles: Actes Sud, 2005.

Retour à Haïfa et autres nouvelles. Traduit de l’arabe par Jocelyne et Abdellatif Laabi. Arles: Actes Sud, 1997.

Contes de Palestine. Nouvelles présentées par Ibrahim Souss. Paris: Stock, 1979.

Sources

"حديث يُنشر لأول مرة مع الشهيد غسان كنفاني". "شؤون فلسطينية". العدد 35، تموز/ يوليو 1974، ص 136- 142.

دراج، فيصل. "غسان كنفاني رمز الثقافة الوطنية". بيروت: دار المبتدأ للطباعة والنشر، 1992.

عباس، إحسان، وفضل النقيب، وإلياس خوري. "غسان كنفاني إنساناً وأديباً ومناضلاً". بيروت: منشورات الاتحاد العام للكتاب والصحفيين الفلسطينيين، 1974.

يعقوب، أوس داوود (إعداد وتحرير). "غسان كنفاني، الشاهد والشهيد: فصول من سيرته الإعلامية والسياسية"، "مجلة فكر"، ملحق العدد 113، 2011.

كامبل، روبرت. "أعلام الأدب العربي المعاصر: سير وسير ذاتية". المجلد الثاني. بيروت: المعهد الألماني للأبحاث الشرقية، 1996.

"الموسوعة الفلسطينية"، القسم العام، المجلد الثالث. دمشق: هيئة الموسوعة الفلسطينية، 1984.

Abdul Hadi, Mahdi, ed. Palestinian Personalities: A Biographic Dictionary. 2nd ed., rev. and updated. Jerusalem: Passia Publication, 2006.

Campbell, Robert. Contemporary Arab Writers: Biographies and Autobiographies. Beirut: Orient Institute, 1996.

Khoury, Elias. “Remembering Ghassan Kanafani, or How a Nation Was Born of Story Telling.” Journal of Palestine Studies 42, no.3 (Spring 2013): 85-91.