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"To all those for whom these villages were home and to their descendants."

All That Remains: The Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948

Places features the digitized version of the entire contents of All That Remains, the landmark study of the villages destroyed by Israel during the Nakba. This authoritative text, published by the Institute for Palestine Studies in 1992, was developed over nearly six years by about thirty field researchers and specialists and edited by historian Walid Khalidi.

The process of digitization stretched over almost three years, and was conducted and implemented entirely in-house. Two principles guided this endeavor: remaining as faithful as possible to the content and structure of the original work and fully using the possibilities offered by information technology to seamlessly integrate All That Remains into the Interactive Encyclopedia of the Palestine Question.

Practically, the undertaking involved the rearrangement of the printed content in such a way to adapt it to—and exploit the full potential of—the digital medium. It was possible to include relevant information and data that had not been included in the original book for space considerations. Hundreds of thousands of English and Arabic words had to be retyped. Hundreds of original photographs were scanned in high resolution. A Geographic Information System was created to allow users to smoothly explore and access information about the destroyed villages. Several maps dating from the 1940s, scanned in high resolution, were added to the system and can be overlayed on the base maps; they provide a glimpse of the political and social geography of Palestine during the fateful period of the Nakba. Finally, an innovative front-end interface was built, providing fluid and immersive navigation into the rich contents of All That Remains.

The outcome of that effort is now presented for the first time on this newly inaugurated platform. This first phase of the development of Places will soon be further enriched by content on the Palestinian refugee camps erected in the wake of the Nakba.

"Jewish villages were built in the place of Arab villages. You do not even know the names of these Arab villages, and I do not blame you because geography books no longer exist, not only do the books not exist, the Arab villages are not there either. Nahlal arose in the place of Mahlul; Kibbutz Gvat in the place of Jibta; Kibbutz Sarid in the place of Huneifis; and Kefar Yehushu'a in the place of Tal aI-Shuman. There is not one single place built in this country that did not have a former Arab population."

Moshe Dayan, Address to the Technion (Israel Institute of Technology), Haifa (as quoted in Ha'aretz, 4 April 1969)

There is no denying that the Zionist colonization of Palestine, which began in the early 1880s and continues to this day, represents one of the most remarkable colonizing ventures of all time, and certainly the most successful such venture in the twentieth century.

Within one life-span, a nearly total revolution was effected in the demographic, socio-economic, cultural, and political status quo as it stood in Palestine at the turn of this century.

In the process, two momentous developments evolved in opposite directions. On the one hand there was the steady concentration of and encroachment by an immigrant Jewish presence accompanied by the relentless consolidation of its control over the natural resources of the country. On the other hand, there was the corresponding marginalization, dispersal, thinning out, and beleaguerment of the indigenous Palestinians who until 1948 constituted the vast majority of the population.

For historical parallels of these twin phenomena, the closest analogies that come to mind are the impingement of European settlers in North America on the native American and that of settlers of British stock on the aboriginal populations of Australia and New Zealand.

But there are also striking differences. (1) In Palestine, the displacement/ replacement process occurred within decades as opposed to two or three centuries in the other cases. (2) The process occurred in a tiny and already relatively densely settled country where there could have been no perception of a vast untapped wilderness crying for Western exploration and exploitation. (3) The Palestinian phenomenon evolved in the post-heyday of the classical European colonization of Asian and African countries and in the wake of the (at least verbal) espousal by the Western democracies of the principle of national self-determination. It anachronistically accompanied the demise of the old imperial regimes in the former colonies and straddled two World Wars ostensibly fought for the core values of Western civilization. And (4) the colonization of the homeland of the Palestinians took place in the modern age of communication and continues in full vigor under the glare, however fitful, of the electronic mass media.

This book is about the fate of the 418 Palestinian villages destroyed and depopulated in the 1948 war, the ineluctable climax of the preceding Zionist colonization and the great watershed in the history of the Palestinian people, marking the beginning of their Exodus and Diaspora. The loss of these villages was only part of the debris left on Palestinian soil by the advance of Zionism. The other part was the fall of more than a dozen of the major urban centers of the Palestinian people — towns exclusively populated by them (Acre, Bir al-Sabi‘, Baysan, Lydda, Majdal, Nazareth, Ramla), others where they were either the vast majority (Safad) or had substantial pluralities (Tiberias, Haifa, and West Jerusalem), and their ancient seaport Jaffa, where they also made up the vast majority and in whose hinterland they had pioneered the cultivation of the orange that bears the city's name. With few exceptions, notably Nazareth, these urban centers were also emptied of their Palestinian residents. Their immovable assets — commercial centers, residential quarters, schools, banks, hospitals, clinics, mosques, churches, and other public buildings, parks and utilities, all passed en bloc into the possession of the citizens of the nascent State of Israel. Also appropriated intact by Israelis were the personal movable assets: furniture, silver, pictures, carpets, libraries, and heirlooms — all the accoutrements of middle-class life of the erstwhile Palestinian residents.

Grievous and irreplaceable as was the loss of these urban centers, their fate is not the subject of this volume, in which only passing reference will be made to them. Instead, this work concentrates on the fate of the Palestinian countryside. The decision to focus on the 418 Palestinian villages destroyed and depopulated in the war of 1948 was deliberate. The fate of the urban centers, at least that of the more major ones, has been noted by the outside world, however perfunctorily. The Palestinian pre-Diaspora structures in many of these centers still stand — the once elegant mansions of the residential quarters of Haifa, Jaffa, and West Jerusalem — while the cities' names, albeit in Hebraicized versions, still grace the modem maps of Israel.

The same cannot be said of the villages. They have remained altogether anonymous to the outside world and might as well never have existed. A dozen or so, though depopulated, were spared or suffered only minor damage. The rest were either totally destroyed or virtually so. They have literally been wiped off the face of the earth. The sites of their destroyed homesteads and graveyards, as well as their orchards, threshing floors, wells, livestock, and grazing grounds were all parceled out among Jewish colonies that had been their neighbors or among new ones established afterwards on the erstwhile village lands. The Hebrew names of these latter have replaced their Arabic predecessors, sometimes faintly and mockingly echoing them. The inheritors of these villages and their patrimony come from all the major Zionist/Israeli collective, cooperative, or small holder agricultural movements (kibbutzim and moshavim). These movements are affiliated to Israeli political parties that span the entire spectrum from the most liberal to the most hardline, with the lion's share going to those closer to the former.

Some hundred or so Palestinian villages in the areas conquered by Israel in the 1948 war were neither destroyed nor depopulated, and continue to exist to this day within Israel's 1967 borders. One might note, however, that over 80 percent of the lands of these Palestinian/Israeli citizens who never left their homes have been confiscated since 1948 and put at the exclusive disposal of the Jewish citizens of the state. Still, the 418 villages that are the subject of this book constituted almost half of the total number of Palestinian villages that existed within the borders of Mandatory Palestine on the eve of the UN General Assembly partition resolution in November 1947. From these, some 390,000 rural refugees radiated into the West Bank and the Gaza Strip or streamed overland across the borders or by sea to neighboring Arab countries. These village refugees of 1948 made up over half the total number of refugees uprooted by the war — the balance being the urban refugees from the cities and towns just mentioned (about 254,000) as well as some 70,000-100,000 semi-sedentary Bedouin. The total number of refugees of the war, both rural and urban, constituted 54 percent of the total Palestinian population in Mandatory Palestine. The area of Palestinian village lands summarily divided among the old and new Jewish colonies was about 6 million dunums, about four times the total area of Palestine purchased by the Zionist movement in the previous seven decades of colonization.

These figures indicate the scale of the catastrophe that befell the Palestinian rural population within the borders established by Israel in 1948. Other peoples have suffered worse fates in history; to be dispossessed of one's patrimony, dispersed and pauperized, even on such a scale, is still more merciful than wholesale physical annihilation, though no less than 13,000 Palestinians were killed in the process. But what is probably uniquely distinctive of the Palestinian fate is that they were dispossessed of their country as a people, and to this day they continue to be maligned for having suffered such dispossession. At the same time, the triumph of the internationally organized and financed dispossessors over the local Palestinian share cropper, peasant, small holder, and townsman, while causing occasional twitches of conscience in the West, is by and large hailed by Western political elites (if not always by their public opinions) as the vindication of the very principles of democracy the violation of which made the Zionist revolution possible in the first place.

Be that as it may, the majority of the survivors of the rural refugees of the 1948 war and their descendants continue to live in refugee camps in the occupied territories and the neighboring Arab countries. It is from their ranks that to a considerable measure the PLO has drawn its strength since the mid 1960s; it is from their despair that the seeds of the intifada grew.

As the reader will find in the following pages, most of these 418 villages resembled one another in their limited resources, their primary dependence on agriculture, and the mixed type of land ownership made up of small holdings and communal lands traditionally cultivated in alternate plots annually reassigned among the villagers themselves. But there were also considerable variations in population and wealth, in the crops and other agricultural products, depending on the village's soil, terrain, water resources, and distance from the district capital. Most of the villages showed an urge for self-improvement and a pattern of expansion and social evolution, particularly in the field of education. In many, there were the beginnings of economic diversification (e.g., in the services sector) and of affiliation to rudimentary cooperative marketing enterprises. Each village had its mosque or church, though the vast majority of the inhabitants were Muslims. Perhaps most distinctive of each village were its shrines, named after local saints or benefactors whose reputations were embedded in the collective memories and traditions of the villagers themselves.

Many of the villages had been bypassed by history, but many others had over the centuries borne witness to major battles, the passage of great armies, or the visits and largesse of Caliph or Sultan. Others yet had produced Islamic scholars, Sufi mystics, or administrators. A remarkable number throughout medieval and later times were visited by travelers from near or distant Arab or Muslim lands en route to Jerusalem, Damascus, or Cairo. Some of these recorded in Arabic, Turkish, or Persian the impressions of their visits. An Ottoman Tax Register compiled towards the end of the sixteenth century mentions in detail the taxable products of 145 of the 418 villages. It is clear from this and other written evidence that most of these villages had been in existence under their Arabic or Arabized names for many centuries before 1948. Archeological remains further attest to the continued existence of human settlement at these sites since time immemorial.

Thus the dispossession of the Palestinian village population of 1948 did not involve a transient or migratory population, but an ancient indigenous farmer community as settled as any in the Mediterranean basin or indeed anywhere else. While pre-industrial, the villagers belonged to a civilization that had enriched the human heritage with its contributions in the fields of religion, literature, philosophy, architecture, and the sciences. They were no less rooted in their patrimony and communal associations than any other people anywhere. It should not therefore be difficult to imagine the depth and longevity of the trauma that afflicted the generations that were uprooted in 1948 or to understand why their state of mind has been transmitted to their descendants in their Diaspora.

All That Remains, by rescuing (if only on paper) these 418 villages from the oblivion to which they had been consigned, is an acknowledgment of the suffering of hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children. It is a gesture of homage to their collective memories and their sense of ancestral affiliation. It is a tribute to their credentials as three-dimensional beings, and to their entitlement to the self-esteem that is anchored in the roots of one's identity and heritage.

Retrospective as this book is, it is not a call for the reversal of the tide of history, nor for the delegitimization of Zionism. But it is a call, on the threshold of the second century of the Zionist-Arab conflict, for a pause, for a moment of introspection by the contemporary engineers of Zionism and their sympathizers. It is a call for, as it were, a break into the chain of causation which has, since the beginning of the Zionist colonization of Palestine, created the dimensions of the tragedy of the Palestinian people as we know it today.

Such a call is all the more compelling because of the gathering on both sides of the Zionist-Arab divide of the forces of atavistic fundamentalism. In the absence of a modicum of justice for the Palestinian people, this encounter could blight well into the coming century the lives of generations yet unborn both within and outside the confines of the State of Israel. It is in this spirit that this volume has been compiled, as a reminder that in much of human endeavor, building for one's self is often accompanied by destruction for the other. If only on prudential grounds, the exultant builder could well take into his appraisal both the monument of his achievement and the debris left in its wake.

If All That Remains further helps to draw the attention of the outside world, and of Zionists and their supporters, to the price paid by Palestinians so that Israel could be established and the conscience of Western Christendom salved for its own anti-Semitic crimes, then it might also be of some relevance today in the search for an honorable and peaceful resolution of this century-old conflict.

Walid Khalidi

In the wake of the 1948 war that created the State of Israel, some three-quarters of a million Palestinian refugees, over half of them villagers, took up the road for exile.1 While the plight of these refugees has been the subject of repeated United Nations resolutions and numerous books, far less attention has been paid to the physical destruction of the world they inhabited.

By the end of the war, hundreds of entire villages had not only been depopulated but obliterated, their houses blown up or bulldozed. While many of the sites are difficult of access, to this day the observant traveler of Israeli roads and highways can see traces of their presence that would escape the notice of the casual passerby: a fenced-in area — often surmounting a gentle hill — of olive and other fruit trees left untended, of cactus hedges and domesticated plants run wild. Now and then a few crumbled houses are left standing, a neglected mosque or church, collapsing walls along the ghost of a village lane, but in the vast majority of cases all that remains is a scattering of stones and rubble across a forgotten landscape. The present book is an attempt to record this lost world.

* * *

Although there has been no work to date exclusively devoted to the vanished villages, a number of scholars and authors have focused on them in the context of larger studies. Not long after the 1948 war, the Palestinian historian Aref al-Aref, basing himself on interviews with villagers, police, and other officials, compiled a list of all the villages occupied and depopulated in the course of the hostilities as an appendix to his massive 6-volume history of 1948, Al-Nakba (The Catastrophe) (1956-60). Meanwhile, the historian Mustafa al-Dabbagh was at work on his eleven-volume historical geography Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine) (1972-86), a compendium of geographical, historical, biographical, and cultural data for each region, including profiles of the villages both destroyed and extant. Al-Mawsu'a al-Filastiniyya (The Palestine Encyclopedia) (1984) relies heavily on Dabbagh for its entries on the villages of Palestine.2

More recently, in a meticulous work published in 1984 on the de-Arabization of Palestine, the late Palestinian geographer Basheer Nijim, together with the architect Bishara Muammar, put out extensive tables of land and population statistics (1945 and 1976) along with detailed maps showing land boundaries for all the Arab villages and Jewish settlements within pre-1967 Israel; the demolished Arab villages were designated as such. A 1987 booklet on the collective destruction of Palestinian villages by Abdul Jawad Saleh, director of the Jerusalem Center for Development Studies in Amman, and Walid Mustafa, head of the geography department of an-Najjah University in Nablus, includes listings by district of the destroyed villages. Finally, the Israeli historian Benny Morris (1989) provides a list of occupied towns and villages as part of his important book on the origins of the Palestinian refugee problem.

In addition to these larger works, a number of researchers have compiled lists of the destroyed villages: Israel Shahak (1973), head of the Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights, has published a slightly amended version of Aref al-Aref's list.3 Palestinian geographer Kamal Abdulfattah compiled another in 1986 in preparation for Birzeit University's ambitious monograph series on the destroyed villages. Christoph Uehlinger (1987) of the Association for the Reconstruction of Emmaus in Switzerland drew up a list based on the Aref/Shahak list and a preliminary list by Kamal Abdulfattah (1983) and checked it against Israeli topographical maps. While the Israeli government has never produced a list of destroyed villages per se, it did re-issue in the 1950s topographical maps, originally produced by the British Mandate government and overprinted in Hebrew, on which destroyed villages are stamped with the word "harus" (Hebrew for "demolished"). In none of these studies except for al-Dabbagh (and Al-Mawsu'a), however, do the villages emerge as anything beyond a name, a few statistics, one element in a larger pattern of destruction. Moreover, efforts to quantify the destroyed villages range from 290 to 472.4

* * *

All That Remains was undertaken with two aims in mind. The first was to arrive at the most authoritative list possible of the depopulated and destroyed villages on the basis of clearly defined methodology and criteria. The second was to present the villages swept away in the catastrophe that was 1948 individually, as ends in themselves.

The book is a collaborative venture between three institutions: the Institute for Palestine Studies (IPS) in Washington, D.C., Birzeit University in the West Bank, and the Galilee Center for Social Research in Nazareth, Israel. After embarking upon the project in 1986, the IPS discovered that Birzeit University, through its Research and Documentation Center, was also involved in a project on the destroyed villages. The Birzeit project, far more ambitious, was to prepare monographs for each of the villages based on oral history and archival sources and including material on folklore, customs, architecture, and kinship structures.5

While proceeding with its own work — expected to last well over a decade in a race against time to collect testimonies before the villagers die — the university fortunately agreed to cooperate with the IPS on the present project and to take charge of the field research and photography. The IPS is particularly grateful to Hanna Nasir, Birzeit's exiled president, and to Gabi Baramki, its vice president, for agreeing to assist us. Later, the Galilee Center for Social Research also became involved, providing much of the statistical data, all the district and village maps, and compiling in consultation with Birzeit and IPS the final list of destroyed villages. The Galilee Center also carried out field research for almost one-third of the villages surveyed. The Institute for Palestine Studies, in addition to conceiving, planning, and financing the project, coordinated it in all aspects, brought together the material from the various sources, and was responsible for the research and writing of the texts. Mention should also be made of the Jaffa Center of Nazareth, which in the early stages of the project did a preliminary survey of the Jerusalem district, for which it provided excellent photographs.

It should be noted that the work is not intended as an original or comprehensive history of the depopulated villages; it relies for its historical component on already published materials, however disparate and sometimes difficult to obtain. Nor does it purport to be a military history of the fall of these villages, much less a history of the 1948 war, concentrating as it does on the depopulation of the countryside at the most micro level to the exclusion of the towns, with no attempt at integrating the material into a narrative whole. Nor, finally, is it a survey of the geographical, archaeological, or cultural landscapes in which these villages existed; time and resources did not permit the kind of in-depth research that alone would have done them justice.

Rather, All That Remains brings together in readily accessible form what amounts to a snapshot of each of the destroyed villages prior to 1948, including statistical, topographical, historical, architectural, archeological, and economic material; the circumstances of the village's occupation and depopulation; and a description of what remains. What sets this book apart from other studies, besides this format, is its heavy reliance on field research. Indeed, field research is at the very heart of the book, both in developing the most authoritative list possible of the depopulated villages and in carefully recording the current status of each village, including the Israeli settlements and installations on village lands.

In essence, then, All That Remains is a manual, a dictionary of destroyed villages presented individually, yet in the context of their region and the events that swept them away. It is an attempt to breathe life into a name, to give body to a statistic, to render to these vanished villages a sense of their distinctiveness. It is, in sum, meant to be a kind of "in memoriam."

1. See the Appendix "The Total Number of Refugees, Urban and Rural".
2. The official Israeli histories of the 1948 war, Sefer Toldot ha-Haganah (History of the Haganah) and Toldot Milchemet ha-Qomemiyyut (History of the War of Independence) also mention a number of depopulated and occupied villages (152), but only in passing in the context of the military operations described; no attempt was made at comprehensiveness.
3. Shahak took al-Aref's list of 399 occupied villages and eliminated those that had not been physically destroyed, bringing the total down to 383.
4. The figure of 290 is from the Israeli topographical maps, as indicated by Christoph Uehlinger. Uehlinger himself lists 372 destroyed villages. Benny Morris lists 369, Shahak 383, Abdulfattah 390, Al-Mawsu'a 391, Nijim and Muarnrnar 443, and Saleh and Mustafa 472. For a detailed comparison of the various sources, see the Appendix "Palestinian Villages Depopulated in 1948: A Comparison of Sources".
5. Thirteen of Birzeit's monographs have appeared to date. Four of them — 'Ayn Hawd (Haifa), 'Innaba (al-Ramla), al-Lajjun (Jinin), and Salama (Jaffa) — are cited in the present text. The other nine are: Abu Kishk (Jaffa), Dayr Yasin (Jerusalem), al-Faluja (Gaza) , Kafr Bir'im (Safad), Kafr Saba (Tulkarm), Kawfakha (Gaza), Lifta (Jerusalem), the town of al-Majdal (Gaza), and Miska (Tulkarm).

Editor

Walid Khalidi

Associate Editors, Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, D.C.

William C. Young

Linda Butler

Project Consultant, Galilee Center for Social Research

Ghazi Falah

Associate Editors, Birzeit University, West Bank

Sharif Kana'na

Kamal Abdulfattah

Albert Glock

Research and Text

Sharif S. Elmusa

Muhammad Ali Khalidi

Statistics

Ghazi Falah

Kamal Abdulfattah

Sharif Kana'na

Olivia Stewart

Field Research

Kamal Abdulfattah

Sharif Kana'na

Ghazi Falah

Photo Captions

Sharif Kana'na

Kamal Abdulfattah

Ghazi Falah

Olivia Stewart

Brett Gadsden

Mark Mechler

Translation

As'ad Abu Khalil

Imad Elhaj

Ibrahim Ali

Lama Dajani

Book Design

Phyllis McIntyre

William C. Young

Historical Background

Sharif S. Elmusa

Editorial Assistants

Ida Audeh

Mark Mechler

Charles U. Zenzie

Michael Deaver

Brett Gadsden

Photo Selection

Sharif S. Elmusa

Olivia Stewart

Mark Mechler

Brett Gadsden

Field Research Team

Bassam al-Ka'bi

Uthman Sharkas

Rashad aI-Madan

Kamil al-Shami

Abd aI-Rahim B. al-Mudawar

Cover Design

Phyllis McIntyre

Claire Iseli

Military Operations

Muhammad Ali Khalidi

Photography

Garo Nalbandian

Raffi Safieh

Hasan Hawari

Khalid Khateb

Maps

Ghazi Falah

Muhammad Ali Khalidi

Olivia Stewart

Alice Thiede

Research Assistants

Olivia Stewart

Michael Deaver

Imad Elhaj

Will Pickering

Norbert Scholz

Bilal El-Amine

Thabit 'Abdullah

The basis of the IPS list of the villages destroyed in the wake of the 1948 war is the monumental Palestine Index Gazetteer, the most comprehensive source available and one that has remained virtually untapped by other authors. The Gazetteer, compiled by the Survey Directorate of the Palestine Government (1945), includes over 10,000 place names in alphabetical order and designated by any of 46 classifications (e.g., village, hamlet, house, wadi, river, bridge, caves, antiquity site, marsh, ridge) along with the corresponding grid reference.

All names marked either "village" or "hamlet" were extracted and noted along with the appropriate grid references.1 With the help of the coordinates and maps, the names were divided according to district;2 those falling within the two districts that were not at all occupied in 1948 (Nablus and Ramallah) were eliminated. The resulting list of villages and hamlets by district was then checked against the villages listed in the corresponding districts of the Village Statistics 1945 (see Hadawi 1970), the last compilation of population and land ownership figures prepared by the Mandatory Government. It should be mentioned, however, that this source, while invaluable for other phases of the study (notably for population data and land ownership statistics) was more problematic in formulating a full list of villages. Having been compiled on the basis of fiscal and land taxation records, it is not comprehensive, and frequently combines two or more distinct (insofar as they had distinct names) adjacent villages into single units. Nonetheless, the Village Statistics 1945, the primary source used by a number of authors, did serve as a useful corrective, and several villages not listed as villages or hamlets in the Gazetteer, such as Mazari' ed Daraja and Dardara (al-Dirdara) (Safad) and Umm Kalkha (Ramla), were added through recourse to the Village Statistics 1945. Comparison was also made to the Census of Palestine, the last official census taken in Mandatory Palestine. This source, however, was of little use in drawing up the list. The tendency to combine neighboring villages noted in the Statistics was even more marked in the 1931 census,3 and a number of villages existing in 1931 had disappeared in the intervening years for a number of reasons, including migration, economic decline, or Zionist land purchases.

The preliminary list derived mainly from the Gazetteer was then meticulously compared to a 1958 map (1:100,000) put out by the Survey of Israel, in fact an exact reproduction of the British Land Survey Map of 1944 with the addition of the 1949 armistice lines. All the villages falling outside the green line were eliminated. This left the more than 100 Arab villages within pre-1967 Israel that were not depopulated or destroyed during the war. These were removed from the preliminary list by combing through reliable post-1948 sources showing all the localities of Israel, Arab and Jewish. Such sources included the Israeli censuses of 1961, 1972, and 1983, which identify localities as Jewish or "non-Jewish," the Israeli Government's Central Bureau of Statistics List of Localities: Their Population and Codes (1989), and The Settlements of Israel and Their Archeological Sites by Ha-Reuveni (1974). Maps were also consulted, though they were found less useful since the smaller still-existing Arab villages frequently are not shown.

Through these various steps, a working list of some 436 villages was arrived at. It was at this point that the IPS refined its criteria for villages to be included in the study beyond the simple time-related factor-i.e., that the depopulation of the village had to have occurred during the 1948 war or in its immediate aftermath. No locality would be considered if it did not have a core of permanent structures. In this way, seminomadic encampments and Bedouin agriculturalists of the Negev were excluded from the study, even though tens of thousands of Bedouin, too, were made refugees (see Appendix "The Total Number of Refugees, Urban and Rural").4 Other requirements were that the village had to have its own name that distinguished it from other inhabited localities (in other words, it had to have a distinctive identity) and had to be inhabited by Arabic-speaking Palestinians on the eve of the war.

Several additional points should be made. First, no village was excluded for being too small provided the other criteria were met. While the aggregate average size of the villages ultimately included was over 800, and over one-quarter of the villages had populations exceeding 1,000, 25 villages on the final list had populations under 100; of these, 8 had populations under 50 (all based on year-end 1944 figures from Village Statistics 1945). One can assume that many of the villages for which population statistics were listed in the Mandate sources as "not available" would be very small.

Secondly, the IPS criterion was depopulation rather than total physical destruction. While the overwhelming majority of the villages-some 70 percent-were in fact razed, 8 villages on the final IPS list remained relatively intact from a physical standpoint, while an additional 7 are virtually intact.5 These villages were included because their original populations were either driven out or fled and were prevented from returning; the Arab houses were subsequently either resettled with Jews or left abandoned. One village was left on the list despite the fact that it continued to exist and was inhabited by Arabs: Akbara (Safad) was included because the entire original population had been driven out and the village was later resettled with "internal refugees" from Qaddita. (The houses of the original Akbara have recently been demolished and a new village of the same name has been built nearby.)

The real test for inclusion on the final list was site identification, in itself not always an easy task: the bulldozer and the ravages of time have sometimes conspired to leave few traces. In difficult cases, researchers would arrive in the vicinity (as indicated by the coordinates provided in the Palestine Gazetteer) with extremely detailed maps (1:20,000) showing caves, rock formations, springs, and other immutable landmarks as well as less permanent trees and cemeteries. These maps, both current and from the late Mandate period, were compared to each other and to the landscape in order to identify the site. Extreme cases were villages in the low flat lands of the Hula Basin region in Baysan, virtually devoid of natural landmarks, where the obliterated mud brick villages had been literally plowed under and turned into vast stretches of cultivation. In a few instances, Hebrew-speaking researchers enlisted the help of old-time members of nearby kibbutzes to find the exact spot. Even in less problematic areas, teams were frequently accompanied by guides or scouts who had grown up either in the villages themselves or in neighboring villages. A number of sites, particularly in mountainous areas, were difficult to reach except on foot through long circuitous routes. On some occasions, researchers, particularly those driving cars with easily identifiable West Bank license plates, were subject to harassment by residents of nearby Israeli settlements and harassment and even detention by security forces. Field research was carried out from 1987 to 1990.

Except for 13 villages located in closed military areas and one now engulfed by an Israeli settlement, the inhabitants of which did not permit access, the sites of all the villages on the working list were visited by teams either from Birzeit's Research and Documentation Center, the Galilee Center for Social Research in Nazareth, or, in the Jerusalem area, the Jaffa Center in Nazareth. Detailed written descriptions were prepared, and each site was extensively photographed, both with long shots to capture the overall setting, and with detailed closeups of what remained.

A number of villages were eliminated on the basis of the field research, either because they were discovered to have been largely vacated before the commencement of hostilities (such as Umm Kubai in Nazareth district and Jindas in Ramla district) or because they were found upon field research to have been temporary agglomerations.

The IPS working list was also carefully checked against the other existing lists, and discrepancies were looked into. A number of villages cited by some or most of the other sources were not included in the IPS list. Zarra'a (Baysan), for example, was excluded because its lands were discovered to have been purchased by the Jewish National Fund in the 1930s and a kibbutz, Tirat Tzvi, had been built on the site in 1938. Bayt Lahm, Waldheim (Umm al-'Amad), Sarona, and Wilhelma, all depopulated during the 1948 war, were excluded because, despite the presence of Arab workers and residents, they were not Palestinian villages but colonies set up by the German Templars at the end of the nineteenth century. Other discrepancies arose for definitional reasons. For example, a number of lists include Palestinian towns and cities such as Ramla, Lydda, Haifa, and Majdal, while others include the three villages of the Latrun salient (Imwas, Yalu, and Bayt Nuba), systematically razed much later, immediately following the 1967 war. Still other sources include Bedouin settlements lacking a core of permanent buildings. In all, some 151 villages not included on the IPS list appear on at least one other list.

Conversely, the IPS list contains a number of villages not cited by any other source. Khirbat Karraza (Safad), for example, was included because interviews with former villagers determined that it had been inhabited in 1948 and that it had a core of permanent stone structures. AI-'Imara and al-Khalasa (Beersheba) and Khirbat al Tannur (Jerusalem) were included because they had been listed as hamlets in the Palestine Gazetteer and field research confirmed their existence and conformity to our criteria. (For a more detailed discussion of and comparison with other sources, see Appendix "Palestinian Villages Depopulated in 1948: A Comparison of Sources").

The IPS's final list, then, includes 418 villages. All lie within the pre-1967 borders of Israel, except for al-Latrun, which was in the no-man's land between Israeli and Jordanian forces until 1967. We believe it is the most accurate list possible, being the only one based on the Gazetteer as its primary source and an exhaustive comparison with other sources. Most important, however, was the contribution of systematic field research, which had the last word; the list was not considered final until the entire survey of all the villages on the working list was completed.

1. It should be noted that the Gazetteer does not define hamlet, but in general it appears to be related to size; many of the localities thus designated (72 out of the 418 on IPS's final list) have fewer than 400 inhabitants. However, this in not always systematic, as certain hamlets were larger than many classified as villages, such as Zanghariyya in Safad district, with 840 inhabitants in 1945.
2. Actually "subdistrict" in the Mandate sources. See note 1 in "Notes on the Sources".
3. The most egregious example of this is Dura in Hebron district, which amalgamated no fewer than 69 distinctly named localities. In most cases, of course, no more than two or three villages were lumped together.
4. An account of the Bedouin expulsions from the Negev as well as of the Beersheba town expulsions is found in Falah (1989: 105-30).
5. Of the 418 villages, 292 (70 percent) were totally destroyed; 90 villages (22 percent) were largely destroyed, which means that only a small percentage of the houses were left standing (20 villages in this category had only one surviving house). Eight villages (less than 2 percent) had only a small percentage of their houses destroyed, while 7 villages (less than 2 percent) survived but were taken over by Israeli settlers. These seven include: Tarbikha (Acre); 'Ayn Hawd, Balad al-Shaykh, al-Tira (Haifa); al-Safiriyya (Jaffa) and 'Ayn Karim and al-Maliha (Jerusalem). The level of destruction of 20 villages (5 percent) could not be determined: Of these, 13 were in closed security zones, 1 was inaccessible because it is incorporated in an Israeli settlement, and 6 had standing houses but the original number of houses was unknown.

The 418 villages presented in All That Remains are sorted into fourteen chapters, each corresponding to an administrative district, or qada',1 which was either partially or wholly occupied during the war. (As already noted, two administrative districts, Nablus and Ramallah, do not figure in the study at all, as neither was occupied in 1948.) Within each chapter or district, villages are arranged alphabetically. The sources used for the various sections of the entries, as well as certain editorial decisions, follow.

I. Basic Information

In cases where the village was known by more than one name, the less common follows in parentheses. Transliteration is according to a modified version of the Library of Congress system.

The grid references (PGR) were taken from the Palestine Index Gazetteer.

The straight-line distance from the village to the district center was measured on the map Palestine: Index to Villages and Settlements.

The average elevations were taken from the topographical map (1:100,000) prepared for the Survey of Palestine, 1941-1945 and from the map (1:20,000) included in the Survey of Palestine.

The 1945 land ownership and population figures are from Sami Hadawi (1970), Village Statistics 1945: A Classification of Land and Area Ownership in Palestine. The statistics themselves are exactly as they appear in the Mandate Government's 1945 Village Statistics (a largely internal document intended for government offices and a few interested private organizations) with one major difference: Hadawi amalgamated the original categories of "Muslim," "Christian," and "Other" (essentially Druze) into the single category "Arab." This change is reflected in both the population and land ownership statistics.

The land ownership figures, extracted by the Department of Land Settlement from the fiscal assessment records, reflect land holdings as at 1 April 1945. One might note that the "public lands" figure, in addition to the relatively minor item of land used for public buildings and roads, includes a number of categories of lands that were in fact cultivated and utilized by the villagers as if they held actual title.2

It should also be stressed that the population figures are not the result of an actual census but extrapolations as at year-end 1944 prepared by the Mandatory Government's Department of Statistics on the basis of the 1931 census. (Hadawi's work includes a lengthy explanation of the methodology used.) It should also be noted that a listing of both Arab and Jewish populations for a given village generally denotes the existence of a Jewish settlement within the boundaries of the lands recorded for the village in question. The 1931 population figures and the number of houses (1931) are from the Census of Palestine, 1931, the last census carried out in Mandatory Palestine.

II. The Village Before 1948

The core of this section has been derived from al-Dabbagh's Biladuna Filastin and from Al-Mawsu'a al-Filastiniyya, which are not specifically cited so as to avoid cluttering the text. The geographical setting was provided by the field research teams and sometimes supplemented by these two sources (particularly in the cases of Gaza, Jaffa, and Ramla districts).

The road and transportation links were taken from the following maps: Palestine, produced by the Arab Studies Society (1988); Kharitat Filastin published by al-Sabbagh (1985); and Palestine and Transjordan prepared by the U.S. Army (1944).

The information on the Hebrew and Crusader periods was primarily drawn from the Encyclopedia Judaica (1971). G.W. Bowersock of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, acted as advisor on the ancient, classical, and early Islamic historical background and reviewed and amended these portions of the text. The IPS is grateful to Professor Bowersock for his assistance.

Aside from al-Dabbagh and Al-Mawsu 'a, the basic sources used for the periods following the Arab conquest of Palestine in the seventh century were al-Khalidi (1968), Hiitteroth and Abdulfattah (1977), and C.R. Conder and H.H. Kitchener (1881). Khalidi's Ahl al-'ilm wa al-hukm fi rif Filastin (Scholars and Rulers from the Palestinian Countryside), arranged alphabetically by village, includes extracts relating to individual villages taken from a wide variety of Arabic sources. These include works of classical Arab geographers, historians, and travelers up to the Ottoman conquest (drawn principally from the work of the Palestinian Jesuit scholar Marmarji [1951]), supplemented by a number of hitherto untapped sources. The most important of these are the Tabakat, a series of biographical collections by century for the fifteenth through eighteenth centuries; the encyclopedic work about social and political life in the Jerusalem and Hebron districts by the fifteenth-century Jerusalemite scholar Mujir aI-Din al-Hanbali, and especially the accounts of three Sufi mystics (Nabulsi, Bakri, and Luqaymi) whose travels throughout the Near East in the late seventeenth and first third of the eighteenth centuries included a number of voyages in Palestine. We also made use of the historico-geographical compendium of references in Islamic literature to localities in Palestine by the nineteenth-century British orientalist Le Strange (1965). (See the bibliography for a chronological listing of early Arab and Muslim geographers and chroniclers).

In addition to the above, the Palestinian countryside was looked at through two widely spaced vantage points: the Ottoman "detailed registers" from the late sixteenth century, and the results of nineteenth-century British exploration efforts in Palestine. The Ottoman daftar-i mufassal, compiled in 1596 by the Ottoman census takers for tax purposes, served as the primary source material for Hutteroth's and Abdulfattah's A Historical Geography of Palestine, a portrait of mainly rural society – settled and nomadic – at the end of the sixteenth century with detailed discussions of economic activity, administrative divisions, the taxation system, and population distribution. The Ottoman registers, which list some 145 of the villages in the present book, include population figures, production yields, and administrative locations – both the liwa' (province) and its subunit, the nahiya – or individual villages. The Ottoman administrative units of the time are shown on map 6.

Conder's and Kitchener's Survey of Western Palestine was based on the results of the field survey undertaken by the Palestine Exploration Fund from 1871 to 1878. Villages are arranged alphabetically by district, followed by entries of varying length that include such information as topographical descriptions, the religious affiliation of the inhabitants, crops, water supply, architectural details, and sometimes historical comments especially relating to the biblical and Crusader periods. Descriptions by travelers are also given for certain villages. Some 225 of the villages in our text are described in the Survey.

For economic material on the villages, Hadawi's Village Statistics 1945 was used, particularly the tables giving breakdowns for each village of the land taxation classifications according to land use.

Palestine Gazette Extraordinary (no. 1375,1944) supplied information on archeological relics.

III. Occupation and Depopulation

Given the purpose and format of the book, and particularly its deliberate exclusion of any discussion of the fall of the cities and towns, no attempt has been made at an integrated military account of the 1948 war, even at the village level. Instead, a select number of sources both Israeli and Arab have been juxtaposed without attempting to reconcile or evaluate them.

The Israeli side is represented by official and revisionist versions. The two voluminous official accounts, Sefer Toldot ha-Haganah (History of the Haganah) and Toldot Milchemet ha-Qomemiyyut (History of the War of Independence), cover respectively the periods from 29 November 1947 to 15 May 1948 and from 15 May to the Armistice. These works, compiled by the Israeli military establishment, have not appeared in English, but were meticulously translated into Arabic and published in full3 in a single volume by the Institute for Palestine Studies in 1984; the Arabic translation was used in preparing our text, but the page numbers given refer to the pagination of the original Hebrew sources. While these volumes were concerned with the overall prosecution of the war, incidental reference is made to about one fourth of the villages mentioned on our list.

The revisionist account is by the scholar Benny Morris (1987) who, while denying any Zionist/lsraeli prior intent in the 1948 Palestinian exodus, has nevertheless produced a work that stands out for the range and quality of the archival material it uses and for the objectivity with which it deals with issues other than prior intent. Moreover, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, while not strictly speaking a military history, is by far the most comprehensive of all the works cited in terms of the villages covered, with some mention of the large majority of those on the IPS list. Together, these works provide what could be said to be a basic minimal version of the occupation and depopulation of the villages from the Israeli perspective.

On the Arab side, no single military work of a synthetic nature exists comparable to those on the Israeli side; 'Arif al-'Arif's already-mentioned six-volume work, while relatively comprehensive, is of limited use for our purposes because of its primarily political focus. The wide range of Arab works on the 1948 war, especially political and military memoirs, contemporary newspaper accounts, and material in archives both private and public, are not easily accessible. Limitations of time and resources forced us to select a small number of eyewitness accounts from different areas of the country to show how matters appeared at the time from the Arab point of view. For the southern area, these accounts include those of Tariq al-Ifriqi (1951), the Sudanese commander of the Palestinian irregulars operating in the Gaza area from February to 15 May 1948; Gamal 'Abd al-Nasir (1955), later president of Egypt, a staff officer with the Egyptian expeditionary force on the southern front from 15 May to the Armistice Agreements, and Muhammad 'Abd al-Mun'im (1968), an Egyptian officer with this same force who based his chronicle on his own experience as well as interviews and documents. For the central area, we used the memoirs of Fawzi al-Qawuqji, the Lebanese commander of the Arab Liberation Army, the 5,000-strong force of irregulars organized by the Arab League that entered Palestine in small formations between January and May 1948. For the northern area, we used Nafez Nazzal (1978), who was not an eyewitness himself but who relied on the personal testimonies of over 100 eyewitnesses for his account ofthe depopulation of 32 villages in the Galilee.

Two newspapers were also used. Filastin was the leading daily of Palestine, and although it ceased publication in April 1948 with the fall of Jaffa, where it was based, it is important for its detailed coverage of the crucial period marking the start of the Palestinian exodus. We also used The New York Times, the correspondents of which accompanied the Israeli forces, as a source for the entire year.

The ten sources used in this section are identified in the text by letters cited in the List of Abbreviations in the front of the book.

IV. Israeli Settlement on Village Land

To determine the presence on village lands of Israeli settlements, the 1946 map accompanying the Palestine Index to Villages and Settlements (scale 1:250,000), which clearly shows the village sites as well as the boundaries of each village's territory was superimposed on a 1988 map showing Israeli settlements put out by the Center for the Mapping of Israel (scale 1:250,000). It might be noted that due to the irregular configurations of village land holdings, settlements close to one village site can in fact be located on lands belonging to a village at considerable distance.

While this section focuses on the settlements established on village lands after the 1948 war, the nearby pre-1948 settlements are also mentioned. It should be noted that in many cases, these settlements moved in to take over lands of the villages that had been their neighbors following the hostilities. (For a listing of post-1948 Israeli settlements on village lands and their political affiliations, see Appendix V.)

V. Photographs

Although anywhere from five to thirty photographs were taken of each of the sites visited, only 230 of the 418 villages, or 55 percent, are depicted in the book for reasons of space; the unpublished photographs are on file at the Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, D.C. Photographs are dated, as the condition of the village sites is subject to change. It should also be borne in mind that the photographs have been selected to "show" something-the remains of houses, public structures, current uses of what remains. In this sense, they are not representative, as the vast bulk of the photographs show largely empty sites. The book also includes photographs of twenty villages before 1948. The great majority of these photographs – 23 of a total of 34 – came from the Matson Collection at the Library of Congress. These were taken between 1898 and 1946 by Eric Matson, a Swedish-American photographer who lived in Jerusalem; those taken before 1935 were not dated and are labelled simply "pre-1935" in the captions. The remaining pre-1948 photos are from the collections of the Palestine Exploration Fund and the Imperial War Museum, both in London, the PLO Information Center in Beirut, and the Middle East Center at St. Antony's College, Oxford. To the librarians in all these collections, the Institute expresses its gratitude.

1. British Mandate officials translated the Ottoman Arabic term qada' as "subdistrict" and called the larger unit encompassing it, the liwa', "district." Palestine as of 1945 was divided into six "districts" – Galilee, Haifa, Samaria, Lydda, Jerusalem, and Gaza which in turn were divided into sixteen subdistricts: Acre, Beersheba, Baysan, Gaza, Haifa, Hebron, Jaffa, Jinin, Jerusalem, Nablus, Nazareth, Ramallah, Ramla, Safad, Tiberias, and Tulkarm. Prior to 1945, the country had had three districts – Southern, Jerusalem, and Northern. These were divided into eighteen subdistricts – the sixteen already mentioned plus Bethlehem and Jericho. Government statistics about villages were gathered at the level of the qada' and were recorded under this heading; hence the qada' is the most important unit for data on village life. We translate the term as "district" in preference to the more precise but clumsier subdistrict.
2. For a discussion of land tenure in Palestine and categories of public land, see A Survey of Palestine, volume I, chapter viii.
3. Sefer Toldot ha-Haganah is a three-volume work covering the entire history of the organization; the IPS translated only the chapters relating to the 1948 war.

A	'Abd al-Mun'im, Muhammad (1968), Asrar 1948. (The Secrets of 1948). Cairo: Maktabat al-Qahira al-haditha.
D 1/1	al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1973), Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume One, Part One. Second Printing. Hebron: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat aI-Khalil.
D 1/2	al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1975), Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume One, Part Two. Hebron: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat aI-Khalil.
D 2/2	al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1985), Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume Two, Part Two: Gaza. Hebron: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat aI-Khalil.
D 3/2	al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1985), Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume Three, Part Two: Nablus. Second printing. Hebron: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat aI-Khalil.
D 4/2	al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1972), Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume Four, Part Two: Jaffa. Hebron: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat al-Khalil.
D 5/2	al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1986) Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume Five, Part Two: Hebron. Hebron: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat aI-Khalil.
D 6/2 - 7/2	al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1974) Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume Six, Part Two and Volume Seven, Part Two: Galilee. Hebron: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat aI-Khalil.
D 8/2 - 10/2	al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1974) Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume Eight, Part Two, Volume Nine, Part Two, and Volume Ten, Part Two: Jerusalem. Hebron: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat al-Khalil.
F	Filastin (leading Palestinian daily published in Jaffa from 1911 to April 1948).
G	'Abd al-Nasir, Gamal (1955) Harb Filastin (the Palestine War). Akhir Sa'a (Cairo), 9 March 1955. See also Walid Khalidi (trans.) (1972) "Nasser's Memoirs of the First Palestine War." Journal of Palestine Studies II (2):3-32.
Hut. and Abd.	Hütteroth, Wolf-Deiter and Kamal Abdulfattah (1977), Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft.
I	al-Ifriqi, M. Tariq (1951), Al-Mujahidun fi ma'arik Filastin (Fighters in the Battles of Palestine). Damascus: Dar al-yaqza al-'arabiyya.
M	Morris, Benny (1987), The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem 1947-1949. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
N	Nazzal, Nafez (1978), The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee, 1948. Beirut, Lebanon: Institute for Palestine Studies.
NYT	The New York Times
P	Place Names in Israel. A Compendium of Place Names in Israel Compiled from Various Sources (1962). Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation.
Q	al-Qawuqji, Fawzi (1972) "Memoirs, 1948." Part One. Journal of Palestine Studies I (4):27-58. Part Two. Journal of Palestine Studies II (1):3-33.
R	al-'Arif, 'Arif (1956-1960), Al-Nakba (The Catastrophe). 6 Volumes. Beirut and Sidon: AI-Maktaba al-'Asriyya.
S	Dinur, Ben-Zion, Yehuda Slutski, Sha'ul Avigur, Yitzchaq Ben-Tzvi, and Yisra'el Galili (1972), Sefer Toldot ha-Haganah (The History of the Haganah). Tel Aviv: 'Am 'Oved.
SWP	Conder, Claude Reignier and H. H. Kitchener (1881), The Survey of Western Palestine. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
T	Israeli Ministry of Defense (1959), Toldot Milchemet ha-Qomemiyyut (The History of the War of Independence). Tel Aviv: Marakhot.

For Arabic, we have adopted the Library of Congress system of transliteration, but without diacritics. For Anglicized place names, we used the spelling of Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (e.g., "Gaza" instead of "Ghazza"). (The British Mandate's quite different transliteration of village names is given in parentheses in the list of the Appendix "Palestinian Villages Depopulated in 1948: A Comparison of Sources".) For Hebrew, we used the American Language/Library of Congress system, again without diacritics. When a word has passed into English, we used the English spelling (e.g., "kibbutz" rather than "qibbutz").

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Israeli Ministry of Defense (1959), Toldot Milchemet ha-Qomemiyyut (The History of the War of Independence). Tel Aviv: Marakhot. pp. 163-370 translated into Arabic by Ahmad Khalifah as part of Harb Filastin 1947-1948: al-riwaya al-Isra'iliyya al-rasmiyya (The Palestine War 1947-1948: An Official Israeli Account).

Jiryis, Sabri (1968), The Arabs in Israel. Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies.

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Ronen, Avraham, Milla Y. Ohel, Mordechai Lamdan, and Amnon Assaf (1980), "Acheulean Artifacts from Two Trenches at Ma'ayon Barukh." Israel Exploration Journal 30 (1-2):17-33.

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Schölch, Alexander (1986), Palästina im Umbruch 1856-1882. Wiesbaden and Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.

Shahak, Israel (1973), Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights: The Shahak Papers. Beirut: Palestine Research Center.

Siegelmann, A. (1984), "The Identification of Gaba Hippeon." Palestine Exploration Quarterly 116:89-93.

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Simons, J. (1937), Handbook for the Study of Egyptian Topographical Lists Relating to Western Asia. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Smith, G. A. (1931), The Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 25th Edition. London: Hodder and Stoughton, Ltd.

Stein, Kenneth W. (1984), The Land Question in Palestine, 1917-1939. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Stern, Ephraim (1978), Excavations at Tel Mevorakh (1973-1976). Volume 1. Qedem 9. Jerusalem: The Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University.

Stern, Ephraim (1984), Excavations at Tel Mevorakh. Volume 2. Qedem 18. Jerusalem: The Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University.

Stock, Ernest (1988), Chosen Instrument: The Jewish Agency in the First Decade of the State of Israel. New York: Herzl Press and Jerusalem: Hassifriya Haziyonit.

Strange, James F. and Thomas R. W. Longstaff (1984), "Sepphoris (Sippori), 1983." Israel Exploration Journal 34 (1):51-52.

Strange, James F. and Thomas R. W. Longstaff (1984), "Sepphoris (Sippori)-Survey, 1984." Israel Exploration Journal 34 (2):269-270.

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Thomson, William M. (1880), The Land and the Book: Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery of the Holy Land. Vols. I, II, and III. New York: Harper and Bros.

Thompson, Th. L., F.J. Gonçalves, and J. M. van Cangh (1988), Toponymie Palestinienne. Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium: Institut Orientaliste de I'Université Catholique de Louvain.

Uhlinger, Christoph (1987), Palestinian Localities Destroyed after 1948. St. Sulpice, Switzerland: Association Pour Reconstruire Emmaüs.

Valentine,L. (1893), Palestine Past and Present. London and New York: Fredrick Warne & Co.

Vinlay, Zeev (1979-1980), Ariel Encyclopedia of Eretz Israel (in Hebrew). Volumes 1-8. Tel Aviv: Am Oved.

Volney, Constantine F. (1788), Travels Through Syria and Egypt in the Years 1783, 1784 and 1785. 2 Volumes. New York.

Wavell, A. P. (1972), The Palestine Campaigns. Freeport: Books for Libraries Press.

Weinberg, G. D. (ed.) (1988), Excavations at Jalame, Site of a Glass Factory in Late Roman Palestine. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.

Williams, Daniel (1990), "For Arabs in Israel, Alienation." Los Angeles Times (19 June 1990).

Ziadeh, Mary (Ghada) (1991), "Change and Continuity in a Palestinian Village: An Archaeological Study of Ottoman Ti'innek." Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Cambridge University, England.

'Abd al-Mun'im, Muhammad (1968), Asrar 1948 (The Secrets of 1948). Cairo: Maktabat al-Qahira al-haditha.

Abdel Nasser, Gamal (1955), "Harb Filastin (The Palestine War)." Akhir Sa'a (Cairo), 9 March 1955. See also Walid Khalidi (trans.) (1972), "Nasser's Memoirs ofthe First Palestine War." Journal of Palestine Studies II (2):3-32.

al-Amin, Muhsin (1961), Khitat Jabal 'Amil (The Districts of Mount 'Amil). Beirut.

Abu Dayya, Musa, ed. (1986), Zahir al-'Umar wa hukkam jabal Nablus, 1771-1773 (Zahir al-'Umar and the Rulers of Mount Nablus). Edited and Annotated Text of a Manuscript by Ibrahim al-Danafi al-Samiri (d. 1790). Nablus: al-Najah University, Center for Documenation and Research.

Abu Fida', Muhammad (1985), 'Ajjur: ard al-ajdad fi Ajnadin ('Ajjur: The Land of the Ancestors in the Battle of Ajnadin). Amman: Matba'at al-bayt al-'arabi.

al-Aref, Aref (1943), Al-Mujaz fi tarikh 'Asqalan (A Brief History of Ascalon). Jerusalem: Matba'at bayt al-maqdis.

al-Aref, Aref (1986), Al-Mufassal fi tarikh al-Quds (A Detailed History of Jerusalem). Jerusalem: Maktabat al-Andalus.

al-Aref, Aref (1956-1960), Al-Nakba (The Disaster). 6 Volumes. Beirut and Sidon: AI-Maktaba al-'Asriyya.

'Arraf, Shukri (1982), Al-Ard, al-insan wa al-juhd: dirasa li-hadaratina al-maddiyya 'ala ardina (Land, Man, and Effort: A Study of our Material Culture on Our Land). Acre: Maktabat wa matba'at Abu Rahman.

'Arraf, Shukri (1985), Al-Qariya al-'arabiyya al-Filastiniyya: mabna wa-isti'malat al-ard (The Palestinian Arab Village: Building and Land Use). Jerusalem: Jam'iyyat al-dirasat al- 'arabiyya.

'Atallah, Mahmud (1986), Niyabat Ghazza fi al-'ahd al-mamluki (The Province of Gaza during the Mamluk Period). Beirut: Dar al-afaq.

'Atiyya, 'Abd Allah (forthcoming), 'Ayn Karim: al-haqiqa wa al-hulm ('Ayn Karim: The Reality and the Dream). Amman.

al-Bakhit, Muhammad and Nufan al-Hamud (1989a), Daftar mufassal: liwa' al-Lajjun, tabu daftari 181, 1596 (Detailed Ledger of al-Lajjun District: Land Record No. 181, 1596). Amman: Jordan University Press.

al-Bakhit, Muhammad and Nufan al-Hamud (1989b), Daftar mufassal: nahiyat Marj bani 'Amir wa tawabi'uha wa lawahiquha al-lati kanat fi tasarruf al-amir Turra Bay, 1538 (Detailed Ledger: Marj ibn 'Amir Sub-District and its Environs that Were under the Jurisdiction of Turra Bey, 1538). Amman: Jordan University Press.

al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1972), Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume Four, Part Two: Jaffa. Hebron, West Bank: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat al-Khalil.

al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1973), Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume One, Part One. Second Printing. Hebron, West Bank: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat ai-Khalil.

al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1974a), Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume Six, Part Two and Volume Seven, Part Two: Galilee. Hebron, West Bank: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat ai-Khalil.

al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1974b), Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume Eight, Part Two; Volume Nine, Part Two; and Volume Ten, Part Two: Jerusalem. Hebron, West Bank: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat ai-Khalil.

al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1975), Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume One, Part Two. Hebron, West Bank: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat al-Khalil.

al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1985a), Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume Two, Part Two: Gaza. Hebron, West Bank: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat aI-Khalil.

al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1985b), Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume Three, Part Two: Nablus. Second printing. Hebron, West Bank: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat al-Khalil.

al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1986), Biladuna Filastin (Our Homeland, Palestine). Volume Five, Part Two: Hebron. Hebron, West Bank: Matbu'at rabitat al-jami'iyyin bi-muhafazat al-Khalil.

al-Dabbagh, Mustafa (1990), "AI-Ta'lim fi Filastin fi 'ahd al-intidab." pp. 35-78 in Al-Mawsu'a al-Filastiniyya, al-Qism al-Thani [Encyclopaedia Palaestina, Second Section], Vol. III. Beirut: Encyclopaedia Palaestina Corporation.

Falah, Ghazi (1989), Al-Filastiniyyun al-Mansiyyun Arab al-Naqab, 1906-1986 (The Forgotten Palestinians, Arab An-Naqab 1906-1986). Tayiba, Israel: Arab Heritage Center.

Haddad, Yusif (1987), Al-mujtama' wa al-turath fi Filastin: qaryat al-Bassa (Society and Cultural Heritage in Palestine: The Village of al-Bassa). Acre: Matba'at dar al-aswar, published for the Institute of Palestinian Culture (Mu'assasat al-thaqafa al-Filastiniyya). Second printing.

Hammad, 'Abd al-Qadir Ibrahim (1990), "AI-Jiyya." Al-Bayader Assiyasi, No. 398 (5 May 1990).

Hammuda, Hasan (1981), Jihad qariyat al-'Abbasiyya (The Struggle of the Village of al-'Abbasiyya). Amma.

al-Hindi, Hani (1973), "Jaysh al-Inqadh (The Arab Liberation Army)." Part Two. Shu'un Filastiniyya 24:115-132.

Hudayb, Musa (1985), Qaryat al-Dawayima (The Village of al-Dawayima). Amman: Dar al-Jalil li al-nashr.

Hurani, 'Abd Allah (1987), Masmiyyat al-Hurani: ahad al-qura al-Filastiniyya al-mubada (Masmiyyat al-Hurani: One of the Destroyed Palestinian Villages). Amman: Al-Sharika al-dawliyya li al-tiba'a wa al-nashr.

al-Ifriqi, M. Tariq (1951), Al-Mujahidun fi ma'arik Filastin. (Fighters in the Battles of Palestine). Damascus: Dar al-yaqza al-'arabiyya.

Kana'na, Sharif and Lubna 'Abd al-Hadi (1986), Salama. Destroyed Village Series, No.3. Birzeit, West Bank: Birzeit University, Research and Documentation Center.

Kana'na, Sharif and Lubna 'Abd al-Hadi and Muhammad Ishtayya (1987), 'Innaba. Destroyed Village Series, No.5. Birzeit, West Bank: Birzeit University, Research and Documentation Center.

Kana'na, Sharif and Lubna 'Abd al-Hadi and 'Umar Mahamid (1987), Al-Lajjun. Destroyed Village Series, No.6. Birzeit, West Bank: Birzeit University, Research and Documentation Center.

Kana'na, Sharif and Lubna 'Abd al-Hadi and Bassam al-Ka'bi (n.d.), 'Ayn Hawd. Destroyed Village Series, No. 1. Birzeit, West Bank: Birzeit Univeristy, Research and Documentation Center.

Khalifa, Ahmad, trans. (1984), Harb Filastin 1947-1948: al-riwaya al-Isra'iliyya al-rasmiyya (The Palestine War 1947-1948: the Official Israeli Account). Monograph Series, No. 65. Translation of Volume Three, Part Two, Books Eight and Nine (pp. 163-370) of Dinur, Ben-Zion, Yehuda Slucki, Sha'ul Avigur, Yitzchaq Ben-Tzvi, and Yisra'el Galili, eds., Sefer Toldot ha-Haganah (The History of the Haganah), (Jerusalem 1972) and pp. 163-370 of Toldot Milchemet ha-Qomemiyyut (The History of the War of Independence). (Tel Aviv, Israeli Ministry of Defense, 1949). Nicosia, Cyprus: Institute for Palestine Studies.

al-Khalidi, Ahmad Samih (1968), Ahl al-'ilm wa al-hukm ji rif Filastin (Scholars and Rulers from the Palestinian Countryside). Amman: Dar al-thaqafa wa al-funun.

Makhul, Naji (1977), 'Akka wa-quraha min aqdam al-azmina (Acre and its Villages since Ancient Times). Acre: Maktabat al-aswar.

Al-Mawsu'a al-Filastiniyya (the Palestine Encyclopedia) (1984). Four Vols. Damascus: Hay'at al-mawsu'a al-Filastiniyya.

al-Mubayyidh, S. (1987), Ghazza wa quraha (Gaza and Its Villages). Cairo: Al-Hay'a al-Misriyya al-'amma li al-kitab.

Mu'nis, Husayn (1959), Nur al-Din Mahmud. Cairo.

Nadim, Shukri M. (1965), Harb Filastin, 1914-1918 (The Palestine War 1914-1918). Beirut: Maktabat al-hayat.

Rafiq, 'Abd al-Karim (1990), "Filastin fi 'ahd al-'Uthmaniyyin." ("Palestine in the Ottoman Period.") pp. 849-990 in Al-Mawsu'a al-Filastiniyya, al-Qism al-Thani [Encyclopaedia Palaestina, Second Section], Vol. II. Beirut: Encyclopaedia Palaestina Corporation.

Sirhan, Nimr (1989), Mawsu'at al-fulklur al-Filastini (The Encyclopedia of Palestinian Folklore). Three Vols. Amman: Matabi' al-dustur al-tijariyya. Second printing.

Temimi, Mehmet and al-Katib (1916), Wilayat janub Bayrut (The District of South Beirut). Beirut: Matba'at al-iqbal.

'Ulayyan, Ribhi (n.d.), Yalu: al-ard, al-insan, al-ma'sa (Yalu: Land, Man, and Tragedy). Al-Zarqa', Jordan: AI-Matba'a al-ahliyya wa maktabatuha.

Yazbak, Mahmud (1987), Al-Hijra al-'arabiyya ila Hayfa fi zaman al-intidab (Arab Migration to Haifa during the Mandate). Nazareth: Maktabat al-qabas.

Zayid, Mahmud (1990), "Al-Ittihadat wa al-jam'iyyat wa al-rawabit wa al-matabi' wa al-'andiya wa mu'assasat al-buhuth al-Filastiniyya wa marakizuha. ("Palestinian Unions, Associations, Societies, Printing Presses, Clubs, and Scholarly Foundations and their Locations.") pp. 177-280 in Al-Mawsu'a al-Filastiniyya, al-Qism al-Thani [Encyclopaedia Palaestina, Second Section], Vol. III. Beirut: Encyclopaedia Palaestina Corporation.

The entries in this bibliography are arranged in chronological order, according to the date of each author's death or, in some cases, the date on which the works were written.

al-Baladhuri, Ahmad b. Yahya (d. 892), Futuh al-buldan. Ed. Salah al-Din al-Munjid, 3 vols. (Cairo, Maktabat al-nahda al-Misriyya, 1956-1957). See also the English translation of Part One, translated by P. Hitti as The Origins of the Islamic State (New York, 1916), and the English translation of Part Two by F. C. Murgotten (New York, 1924).

al-Ya'qubi, Ahmad b. Wadih (d. 897), Ta'rikh. 2 vols. (Beirut, Dar sadir li al-tiba'a wa al-nashr, 1960). Earlier edition by Th. Houtsma (Leyden, 1883).

Ibn Khurdadhbi, Abu al-Qasim 'Ubayd Allah (d. 912), Al-Masalik wa al-mamalik. (Baghdad, Maktabat al-muthanna, 1966).

al-Istakhari, Abu Ishaq al-Farisi (d. 957), Masalik al-mamalik. Ed. de Goeje (Leyden, E. J. Brill, 1967 [reprint of 1870 edition]).

Ibn Hawqal, Abu al-Qasim al-Nasibi (d. 977), Surat al-ard. (Beirut, Dar maktabat al-hayat, 1964).

al-Maqdisi, Shams al-Din Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad b.Ahmad (d. 985). Ahsan al-taqasim fi ma'rifat al-aqalim. (Baghdad, Maktabat al-muthanna, 196; reprint of EJ. Brill's edition, Leyden, 1906).

Khusraw, Nasir (wrote 1047). Sefer Nameh. Arabic translation by Yahya al-Khashshab. (Beirut, Dar al-kitab al-jadid, 1970).

al-Bakri, Abu 'Ubayd 'Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-'Aziz (d. 1094), Mu'jam ma istu'jim min asma' al-bilad wa al-mawadi'. Ed. Mustafa al-Saqqa. (Cairo, Matba'at lajnat al-ta'lif wa al-tarjama wa al-nashr, 1951).

Ibn Jubayr, Muhammad al-Andalusi Qourneyed 1183-85).Rihlat Ibn Jubayr. (Beirut, Dar sadir li al-tiba'a wa al-nashr, 1964).

al-Isfahani, 'Imad al-Din al-Katib (d. 1201), Al-Fath al-qasi fi al-fath al-Qudsi. Ed. Muhammad Mahmud Subh. (Cairo, al-Dar al-qawmiyya li al-tiba'a wa al-nashr, 1965).

Yaqut b. 'Abd Allah al-Hamawi, Shihab al-Din Abu 'Abd Allah (d. 1228), Mu'jam al-buldan. 5 vols. (Beirut, Dar sadir li al-tiba'a wa al-nashr, 1955-1956).

Yaqut b. 'Abd Allah al-Hamawi, Al-Mushtarik wad'an wa al-muftariq saq'an. (Göthingen, 1846; Baghdad, 1963).

Yaqut b. 'Abd Allah al-Hamawi, Al-Nujum al-zahir fii muluk Misr wa al-Qahim. (Cairo, Dar al-kutub al-misriyya, n.d.)

al-Idrisi, Muhammad Abu 'Abd Allah b. Muhammad (d. 1166), Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-ajaq. Supplemented and edited by Muhammad Bahjat al-Athari and Jawwad 'Ali and published under the title Surat al-ard, following a partial edition and translation by Konrad Müller (Stuttgart, 1927). (Baghdad, al-Majma' al-'ilmi al-'iraqi, 1951).

al-Qazwini, Zakariyya b. Muhammad (d. 1283), Athar al-bilad wa akhbar al-'ibad. (Beirut, Dar sadir li al-tiba'a wa al-nashr, 1960).

Ibn 'Abd al-Haqq, Safiyy al-Din 'Abd al-Mu'min (wrote 1300), Marasid al-ittila' 'ala asma' al-amkina wa al-biqa '. 3 vols. Commentary by 'Ali Muhammad al-Bijawi. (Cairo, Dar ihya' al-kutub al-'arabiyya, 1954).

al-Dawadari, Abu Bakr b. 'Abd Allah (d. 1322), Kanz al-durar wa jami' al-ghurar. 9 vols. (Cairo, n. p., 1960; commissioned by Otto Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden).

al-Dawadari, al-Mansuri Baybars (d. 1325), Zubdat al-fikra ji ta'rikh al-hijra. Manuscript No. Add 23325, the British Museum, London; also available on microfilm, No. 20, Archives and Manuscripts Center, Jordan University, Amman.

al-Dimashqi, Shams al-Din Muhammad b. Abi Talib al-Ansari (Shaykh al-Rabwa) (d. 1327), Nukhbat al-dahr fi 'aja'ib al-barr wa al-bahr. (Baghdad, Maktabat al-muthanna, 1963; reprint of the edition published by Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig,1923).

Abu al-Fida', 'Imad al-Din Isma'il (d. 1331), Taqwim al-buldan. (Baghdad, Maktabat al-muthanna, 1965; reprint of the Paris edition, Dar al-tiba'a al-sultaniyya, 1840).

al-'Umari, Shihab al-Din Ahmad b. Yahya b. Fadl Allah (d. 1348), Masalik al-absar fi mamalik al-amsar. Ed. Fu'ad Sayyid Ayman. (Cairo, Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire, 1985).

al-Safadi, Salah al-Din Khalil b. Aybak (d. 1362), Al-Wafi bi al-wafayat. 9 vols. (Leipzig, Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, in Kommission bei F. A. Brockhaus, 1931-1974).

Ibn Battuta, Muhammad b. Yusif al-Lawati (d. 1377), Rihlat ibn Battuta: Tuhfat al-nuzzar fi ghara'ib al-amsar wa 'aja'ib al-asfar. (Beirut, Dar sadir Ii al-tiba'a wa al-nashr, 1964).

al-Qalqashandi, Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad b. 'Ali (d. 1418), Subh al-a'sha fi sina'at al-insha'. 14 vols. (Cairo, al-Mu'assasa al-Misriyya al-'amma li al-ta'lif wa al-tarjama wa al-tiba'a wa al-nashr, 1964).

al-Qalqashandi, Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad b. 'Ali (d. 1418), Nihayat al-arab fi ma'rifat ansab al-'arab (Cairo, al-Sharika al-'arabiyya li al-tiba'a wa al-nashr, 1959).

al-Maqrizi, Ahmad b. 'Ali (d. 1441), Al-Suluk li-ma'rifat duwal al-muluk. Editing and commentary by Muhammad Mustafa Ziyada. (Cairo, Lajnat al-ta'lif wa al-tarjama wa al-nashr, 1956).

al-Zahiri, Khalil b. Shahin (d. 1468), Zubdat kashf al-mamalik wa bayan al-turuq wa al-masalik. (Paris, Al-Matba'a al-jumhuriyya, 1894).

al-Sakhawi, Shams al-Din Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Bukhari (d. 1496), Al-Daw' al-lami' li ahl al-qarn al-tasi'. 12 vols. bound in 6 books. (Beirut, Dar maktabat al-hayat, 1965).

al-Hanbali, Mujir al-Din 'Abd al-Rahman b. Muhammad al- 'Ulaymi al-Muqaddasi (d. ca. 1522), Al-Uns al-jalil bi ta'rikh al-Quds wa al-Khalil. 2 vols. (Amman, Maktabat al-muhtasib, 1973).

Ibn al-Sibahi, Muhammad b. 'Ali (d. 1588), Awdah al-masalik ila ma'rifat al-mamalik. Manuscript No. 302, Pocock Collection, Bodleian Library, Oxford University; also available on microfilm, No. 559, Archives and Manuscripts Center, Jordan University, Amman.

al-Hanbali, 'Abd al-Hayy b. Ahmad b. Muhammad al-'Imad al-Bakri al-Dimashqi (d. 1678), Shadharat al-dhahab fi akhbar man dhahab. (Cairo, Maktabat al-Qudsi, 1931-1932).

al-Nabulusi, 'Abd al-Ghani b. Isma'il (wrote 1689), Al-Hadra al-unsiyya fi al-rihla al-qudsiyya. (Cairo, Maktabat al-Qahira, 1970); also cited in Khalidi, 1968.

al-Nabulusi, 'Abd al-Ghani b. Isma'il (wrote 1689), Al-Haqiqa wa al-majaz fi rihlat bilad al-Sham wa al-Hijaz. Manuscript No. 573, available on microfilm at the Archives and Manuscripts Center, Jordan University, Amman; also available as Manuscript No. 3226, al-Zahiriyya National Library, Damascus.

al-Bakri, Mustafa al-Siddiqi (wrote 1710), Al-Khamra al-hasiyya fi al-rihla al-qudsiyya. Manuscript in the national library of the Federal Republic of Germany, No. 466 Mq 6149; also cited in al-Khalidi, 1968.

al-Bakri, Mustafa al-Siddiqi (n.a.), Al-Rihla ila Jabal Lubnan. This unpublished and unedited manuscript has been extensively cited in al-Khalidi, 1968.

al-Bakri, Mustafa al-Siddiqi (n.a.), Al-Hulla al-dhahabiyya. This unpublished and unedited manuscript has been extensively cited in al-Khalidi, 1968.

al-Luqaymi, Mustafa As'ad (wrote 1730), Sawanih al-uns bi-rihlati li-Wadi al-Quds. Manuscript No. 5248, al-Zahiriyya National Library, Damascus. This unpublished and unedited manuscript has been extensively cited in al-Khalidi, 1968; for the full citation, see the Bibliography.

Arab Studies Society (1988). Palestine. Scale 1:250,000 Jerusalem: Palestine.

Center for the Mapping of Israel (1988). Israel. Scale 1:250,000. Two sheets in Hebrew.

Israel Department of Survey (1982-1986). Israel. Scale 1:50,000. Various sheets in Hebrew.

Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center (1970). Maps of Palestine. Beirut. (Maps and Photographs of Palestine Series, no. 4).

al-Sabbagh, Said (1985). Map of Palestine. (Reprint). Scale 1: 650,000. Beirut: Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. (Arabic)

Saleh, Abdul Jawad and Walid Mustafa (1987). Palestine: Destroyed Palestinian Villages and Zionist Colonization, 1882-1982. Scale 1:250,000

Settlement Department of the Jewish Agency (1982). Map of Settlement in Eretz Israel. Scale 1:250,000.

Survey of Israel, 1958. Topographic Series. Scale: 1:100,000 (new division), various sheets.

Survey of Palestine, 1934-1944. Topographical Map. Scale: 1:100,000. Various sheets in English.

Survey of Palestine, 1941-1945. Palestine. 1:20,000 Series. Various sheets in English.

Survey of Palestine, 1946. Index to Villages and Settlements. Scale 1:250,000. (In English)

Refugee figures represent Palestinians displaced from their homes in the course of the 1948 war. The great majority of these came from areas incorporated into Israel; most fled or were expelled from the newly-created state, although a small number of those expelled from their homes remained as "internal refugees." More important, some 156,000 of the original inhabitants of the territory that became Israel remained in their towns and villages [Bachi (1976): 262, 462-63]. One might also note that some 13,000 (mainly civilian) Palestinians were killed by Zionist/lsraeli forces during the 1948 war [see al-Aref (1959) V:1047-53].

Rural Refugees

Figures for the rural population of Palestine before the exodus were obtained from the Mandate Government's A Survey of Palestine, Supplement (pp. 12-13) which gave aggregate village statistics by district by religion as of 31 December 1946. In order to update the rural population figures to mid-1948 (even though the displacement actually began before this date), we followed Abu Lughod [1971:155] in applying three different growth rates (3.8 percent, 2.42 percent, and 3.0 percent) determined in the late Mandate respectively for Muslims, Christians, and "Other" — mainly Druze.

To obtain the number of rural Palestinians displaced from their homes during the 1948 war, we first added the population figures for the 418 depopulated villages documented in our text. These figures, taken from Hadawi's Village Statistics 1945, reflect the village populations as of 31 December 1944. Since these statistics were not differentiated by religion, we applied the 3.8-percent growth rate across the board in updating them to mid-1948, not only because the overwhelming majority of the non-Jewish rural population was Muslim [94.61%, Survey of Palestine, Supplement, p. 12], but because a proportionally far greater percentage of Christians and Druze remained in their villages and did not become refugees. The sum of the updated figures of the 418 depopulated villages was 383,150.

But above and beyond the populations of the destroyed villages, thousands of inhabitants of neighboring villages that were relatively spared also fled in the generalized atmosphere of fear and chaos surrounding the military operations. We have assumed this figure at anywhere from 5 to 10 percent, and for the purposes of our calculations have used the midway figure 7.5 percent. In estimating the number of refugees from surviving villages, we limited ourselves to the nine districts that were wholly incorporated into Israel and where the military and psychological pressures were most intense — Acre, Baysan, Beersheba, Haifa, Jaffa, Nazareth, al-Ramla, Safad, and Tiberias, whose combined pre-exodus rural population (updated to mid-1948 using the three different growth rates, as described above) was 345,027. Taking 7.5 percent of the difference between this figure and the populations of the depopulated villages for all these nine districts (251,768), we obtained a total of 6,994 (7.5 percent of 93,259). Adding this figure to the combined population of the depopulated villages, we got a rural refugee total of 390,144.

In calculating the above figure, we did not take into consideration the small number of villagers who remained in the State of Israel as "internal refugees" (e.g., inhabitants of Iqrit in Acre, and Kafr Birim and Qadditha in Safad). Even so, the rural refugee total is most probably an undercount. For instance, we did not make allowance for the villagers who fled in the general chaos from spared villages in the districts only partially incorporated into Israel (Gaza, Hebron, Jerusalem, Jinin, Tulkarm). Likewise, the total did not take into account any rural displacement in Nablus or Ramallah districts which remained entirely outside Israel, but where there was as well a certain amount of depopulation.

Urban Refugees

The pre-exodus Arab populations of the district centers and towns incorporated into Israel and which were totally or substantially depopulated — Acre, Baysan, Beersheba, Haifa, Jaffa, al-Ramla, Safad, Tiberias, Lydda, and Majdal — were taken from A Survey of Palestine, Supplement (pp. 12-13) as of 31 December 1946. Again applying the different annual growth rates to Muslims, Christians, and "Others," these figures were updated to mid-1948 and combined to obtain 241,016. Although the towns of Nazareth and Shafa Amr were incorporated into Israel, they have been excluded from our calculations because their populations are assumed to have remained in situ.

As a result of the fighting, the towns of Safad, Tiberias, Baysan, and Beersheba were entirely emptied of their Arab inhabitants. While the last Arabs were not expelled from Majdal until 1950, we likewise considered this town to be without Arabs. Residual Arab communities remained in what had been the wholly Arab towns of Lydda and Ramla, and in the previously mixed towns of Acre, Haifa, and Jaffa. These remaining populations were estimated by Ian Lustick (1980: 49) at 2,000 for Lydda and Ramla combined, 3,500 for Acre, 2,900 for Haifa, and 3,600 for Jaffa, to reach a total of 12,000. The urban refugee total was obtained by subtracting this figure from the combined total of the ten towns listed above, to reach 230,218, to which we added an estimated 25,000 Palestinians forced out of their homes in West Jerusalem. The total urban refugee population was therefore estimated at 254,016.

Once again, this figure is probably an undercount. It can safely be assumed that there was a not insignificant depopulation from the towns which ultimately remained outside the 1948-borders of the Israeli state. Jinin, for example, had come under direct attack by Israeli forces, Tulkarm was very near the frontline, Qalqilya was attacked and temporarily evacuated in May 1948, East Jerusalem formed part of the battle zone between Arab and Jewish forces, and Gaza was severely disrupted by the overwhelming influx of some 200,000 refugees from other parts of Palestine. It can likewise be assumed that there was a certain amount of displacement from the towns of Nazareth and Shafr Amr. Nonetheless, our figures do not take any of these displacements into account, nor do they consider any departures from those towns and district centers less directly touched by the war — Hebron, Nablus, Ramallah, Bethlehem, Bayt Jala, and Khan Yunis.

Bedouin Refugees

Figures for Bedouin are not included in the above totals, though directions of Bedouin departure from Beersheba District are indicated on the map. There are significant problems trying to calculate the number of Bedouin refugees created in 1948. However, based on the following calculations, a reasonable estimate would stand in the region of 70-100,000.

The pre-'48 Bedouin population of Palestine was concentrated in three areas: the southern region of the Negev (Beersheba District); central Palestine, especially the coastal plain; and the Galilee region in the north. However, sources on Bedouin in pre-'48 Palestine do not always include all these groupings in their accounts.

Arif al-'Arif [(1959) V:1056-65] lists by name the tribes resident in areas from which Bedouin were expelled in 1948. He mentions 24 sub-tribes ('asha'ir) in Galilee and northern Palestine (Haifa, Acre, Nazareth, Safad) and 77 sub-tribes in Beersheba District, but ignores the Bedouin of central Palestine.

Various population estimates are available for the main Bedouin groupings. The 11 November 1947 report of the UNSCOP subcommittee [cited in Khalidi 1971:698-99] estimates the total Palestinian Bedouin population in 1946 at 127,300: 92,000 in Beersheba plus 1,000 in Gaza District, and more than 34,500 in the central portion of the country (Nablus, Hebron, Jerusalem, al-Ramla, Jaffa, and Tulkarm districts). In this source the Bedouin of the Galilee region are not ennumerated. Ghazi Falah [1985:37] gives a total of 95,566 Bedouin in the Negev in 1947, plus 17,000 in Galilee in 1945 (excluding Baysan District), but fails to mention the Bedouin of central Palestine. Emanuel Marx [1967:11] calculates a pre-'48 total of 65,750 in the Negev. H. V. Muhsam [1966:24] estimates the probable population of Negev Bedouin in 1946 as 65-90,000 (probably at the lower end of that scale).

n the basis of these figures the Palestinian Bedouin population of Palestine prior to 1948 can be estimated at around 116-141,000, of whom 65-90,000 were in Beersheba and Gaza districts, about 34,000 in central Palestine, and 17,000 in Galilee.

Concerning the number of Bedouin whose tribal lands fell inside the State of Israel, the lands of the Beersheba and Galilee Bedouin were wholly incorporated into Israel in 1948. With regard to the rest of the Bedouin population, located primarily in central Palestine, only the area inhabited by the 7,000 + Bedouin of al-Ramla District [UNSCOP subcommittee cited in Khalidi 1971: 698-99] can definitely be assumed to have become part of Israel. It is unclear how much of the areas inhabited by the Bedouin of Gaza, Hebron, Jerusalem, and Tulkarm districts was also incorporated into the Jewish state, given that parts of these districts remained in Palestinian hands. Since many of the central Palestinian Bedouin lived on the coastal plain, the proportion of their lands falling within Israeli borders is probably sizeable. Even assuming, however, that none of the Bedouin lands of Gaza, Hebron, Jerusalem, or Tulkarm districts were incorporated into Israel, a total Bedouin population of around 89-114,000 can be estimated to have lived in the area incorporated into Israel in 1948; 65-90,000 were in Beersheba District, 7,000 in al-Ramla District, and 17,000 in Galilee.

Estimates of the number of Bedouin left within Israel after 1948 generally range from 16,000 [Falah 1985:37] to 18,000 [Peretz 1958:95]. Falah's figures include 11,000 Bedouin left in Beersheba and 5,000 in the Galilee. According to Encylopedia Judaica [Vol. 12:930], 15,000 Bedouin remained in the Negev after 1948. 'Arif al-'Arif's survey of tribes expelled indicates that almost all of the Bedouin of northern Palestine were driven out, while the majority of the Beersheba Bedouin fled to Transjordan or the Palestinian areas of the West Bank.

If the Bedouin population remaining in post-'48 Israel is subtracted from the number resident in the area prior to 1948, the figure for Bedouin refugees driven from the newly established state of Israel can be estimated. Based on a high estimate of 20,000 Bedouin remaining in Israel after 1948 (15,000 in Beersheba and 5,000 in Galilee) and the lowest figure given above for the total pre-'48 Bedouin population (89,000), the lowest figure for Bedouin refugees would stand at around 69,000 (50,000 from Beersheba District, 7,000 from al-Ramla District and 12,000 from Galilee). Based on the lowest figure of 16,000 for remaining Bedouin, and the highest estimate of 114,000 for the pre-'48 Bedouin population, a figure of 98,000 Bedouin refugees is achieved (79,000 from Beersheba District, 7,000 from al-Ramla District and 12,000 from Galilee).

An alternative account is given by Emanuel Marx [1967:12] who suggests that relatively few Negev Bedouin (under 10,000) actually left the state of Israel in 1948, while the rest took refuge in hilly parts of the Negev. According to Marx, some tribes later filtered back into their old areas. However, many thousands of others were expelled from the country or moved to other areas during the next few years, leaving a population of just 11,000 in the Negev by 1953.

Total Refugee Figures

Based on the above calculations, the total refugee figure for 1948 is conservatively estimated at 714,150 to 744,150, the range deriving from the various estimates of the Bedouin exodus (see above). These figures are lower than those of certain other sources, notably Janet Abu Lughod [1971:155-61] who puts the number of Palestinians displaced at around 770-780,000. Her higher figures can be explained principally by the fact that she uses a set of British government figures, General Monthly Bulletin XII (December 1947), which gives a higher pre-exodus Palestinian propulation than that provided by the sources used above. In addition, Abu Lughod projects these figures to the end of 1948, as opposed to mid-1948; had our figures been brought to year end 1948, our range would have been 727,700 to 758,300.

This appendix compares the list of the villages described in All That Remains with six other sources dealing with the villages destroyed in 1948. Five of these sources were directly concerned with the depopulated or destroyed villages — Arif al-Arif/Shahak, Birzeit, Nijim and Muammar, Saleh and Mustafa, and Benny Morris. The sixth — the four-volume Mawsu 'a al-Filastiniyya, based essentially on the work of Mustafa Dabbagh — had a larger purview, and although its aim was not to quantify the depopulated villages, these were identified among its entries. To our knowledge, these represent the major sources presenting, either directly or indirectly, listings of the depopulated villages.1

There is substantial overlap among the lists: Of the 418 villages identified in the present book, 296, or 70 percent, appear in all the other sources. An additional 60, or 14 percent, are listed in all the other sources but one; 19 villages, or 5 percent, are listed in all the other sources but two. Ten villages are not mentioned in any other source. On the other hand, 151 villages not included in the IPS list are mentioned in at least one other source. Some of the reasons for the discrepancies have been alluded to in the preface. Most undoubtedly arise from differing criteria — whether or not tribal settlements are included, whether or not very small villages are excluded, whether the principal criterion is depopulation, destruction, or simply occupation, etc. Unfortunately, in most cases the compilers of the other lists do not rigorously spell out their criteria. The notations on the sources below include whatever information is available on the criteria used.

Concerning the table itself, the left-hand tabular headings are the villages that constitute the final IPS list, arranged in alphabetical order by district ("subdistrict" in Mandate publications2). The other sources appear in the column headings. The "x"s in each column denote whether or not the village on the IPS list is included in the given source. The other symbols appearing in the columns are defined in the table.

For the alternate spellings in the IPS list (left-hand tabular headings), the first is the one used in the text and is based on the U.S. Library of Congress transliteration system. The spellings that follow in parentheses are from official publications of the Mandate Government, most often the Census of Palestine 1931 and to a lesser extent the 1945 Village Statistics and the Palestine Index Gazeteer. In cases where there were significant differences in the spelling or rendition of the village name according to source, more than one variant is listed.

1. A list by Christoph Uelinger (1987), as mentioned in the preface, is based on a compilation of the Arif/Shahak list and a preliminary list by Kamal Abdulfattah (1983). It was not included because of its derivative nature.
2. British Mandate officials translated the Ottoman Arabic term qada' as "subdistrict" and called the larger unit encompassing it, the liwa', "district." Palestine as of 1945 was divided into six "districts" – Galilee, Haifa, Samaria, Lydda, Jerusalem, and Gaza which in turn were divided into sixteen subdistricts: Acre, Beersheba, Baysan, Gaza, Haifa, Hebron, Jaffa, Jinin, Jerusalem, Nablus, Nazareth, Ramallah, Ramla, Safad, Tiberias, and Tulkarm. Prior to 1945, the country had had three districts – Southern, Jerusalem, and Northern. These were divided into eighteen subdistricts – the sixteen already mentioned plus Bethlehem and Jericho. Government statistics about villages were gathered at the level of the qada' and were recorded under this heading; hence the qada' is the most important unit for data on village life. We translate the term as "district" in preference to the more precise but clumsier subdistrict.

Sources

Birzeit University Research Center, A List of the Villages of Palestine Destroyed Since 1947, Ramallah, West Bank, n.d. The list, prepared by Kamal Abdulfattah in 1986, was privately distributed. It includes 390 villages. The criteria are not spelled out and no sources are given.

Al-Mawsu'a al-Filastiniyya (The Palestine Enclyclopedia) (1984). Four vols. Damascus: Hay'at. Al-Mawsu'a al-Filastiniyya was the basis for Mustafa Dabbagh's 11-volume Biladuna Filastin.

The Mawsu'a includes among its entries 391 towns and villages that were depopulated during the 1948 war.

Morris, Benny. The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Morris's list is of "Arab settlements abandoned in 1948-49," and includes the towns that were occupied and "abandoned" by a substantial percentage of the population. His list includes 369 localities; three others, mentioned in his book, were apparently omitted by an oversight and are indicated in our table by a note in the Morris column. In a note for his list, Morris states that he has omitted "a dozen or so very small or satellite villages and small bedouin tribes or sub-tribes." (p. viii) Morris based his work primarily on declassified Israeli state and private political papers covering 1947 to 1949, as well as declassified British and U.S. materials covering the same period.

S/M

Saleh, Abdul Jawad and Walid Mustafa. Palestine: The Collective Destruction of Palestinian Villages and Zionist Colonization, 1882-1982. Amman and London: Jerusalem Center for Development Studies, 1987.

Saleh and Mustafa's list of "Destroyed Habitations" totals 472. No criteria for "destroyed habitations" are given. The authors cite as their sources Israel Shahak's list, Kamal Abdulfattah's "Map of Palestine, Destroyed Villages 1948-50," topographical maps issued by the Mandate government and the Israeli Survey Department, the 1931 Census of Palestine, and the Village Statistics 1945.

N/M

Nijim, Basheer K. and Bishara Muammar. Toward the De-Arabization of Palestine/Israel 1945-1977. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Under the Auspices of the Jerusalem Fund for Education and Community Development, 1984.

Nijim and Muammar do not spell out their criteria for determining their list of 443 localities, but they apparently include temporary habitations. Thus, for example, they count 26 Bedouin villages in the Beersheba district that do not appear in other sources.

Nijim and Muammar cite as their sources a number of maps put out by the Palestine Survey Department of the Mandate Government and by the Israeli Survey Department, the 1940 edition of the Gazetteer of Place Names of Palestine and Transjordan, Village Statistics 1945, data from the Jewish Agency's Statistical Department, and various editions of the Israeli Government's List of Localities.

A/S

List compiled by Aref al-Aref and published in Arabic as an appendix to his 6-volume work on the 1948 war (al-Nakba) and published in English by Israel Shahak as a part of The Shahak Papers. Beirut: Palestine Research Center, 1973, pp. 94-111. Shahak's version was reproduced in French by Sami Aldeeb on pp. 6-12 of Paix en Palestine. Fribourg, Switzerland: Association pour Reconstruire Emmaus, 1986.

Aref's original list of 399 included the villages occupied during the course of the fighting; Shahak eliminated the villages that were subsequently evacuated by the Israeli forces and continued to exist within the borders of Israel, bringing the list down to 383. A number of villages that he indicated as still existing, however, are listed in other sources as destroyed; these are indicated in the Aref/Shahak column with an "(e)". Tribes that were driven out during the course of the war are listed separately by Aref and Shahak; those designated as depopulated villages in other sources are marked "(t)" in the A/S column, even though they are not included in Shahak's total figure of 383.

Comparison of Sources

Acre

	A/S	N/M	S/M	Mo	BZ	PE
al-Birwa	x (e)	x	x	x	x	x
al-Bassa	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Amqa	x	x	x	x	x
al-Damun	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Ghabisiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Kabri	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Manshiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Mansura	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Nahr	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Ruways	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Sumayriyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Tall		x	x	x	x	x
al-Zib	x	x	x	x	x	x
Dayr al-Qasi	x	x	[Saf]	x	x	x
Iqrit	x	x	x	x	x	x
Kafr 'Inan	x	x	x	x	x	x
Khirbat 'Iribbin	x (t)	x
Khirbat Jiddin	x	x			x	x
Kuwaykat	x (e)	x	x	x	x	x
Mi'ar	x	x	x	x	x
al-Nabi Rubin		x		x	x
Suhmata	x	x	x	x	x	x
Suruh		x		x		x
Tarbikha	x	x	x	x	x	x
Umm al-Faraj	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Arab al-Samniyya	x (t)	x (e)

Baysan

	A/S	N/M	S/M	Mo	BZ	PE
al-Ashrafiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Bira	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Fatur	x	x	x		x	x
al-Ghazzawiyya	x (t)	x	x	x	x	x
al-Hamidiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Hamra	x	x			x	x
al-Khunayzir	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Murassas	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Sakhina	x	x	x		x	x
al-Samiriyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Tira	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Arab al-'Arida	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Arab al-Bawati	x (t)	x	x	x	x	x
'Arab al-Safa	x	x	x	x	x	x
Danna	x	x	x	x	x	x
Farwana	x	x	x	x	x	x
Jabbul	x	x	x	x	x	x
Kafra	x	x	x	x	x	x
Kawkab al-Hawa	x	x	x	x	x	x
Khirbat al-Taqa		x	x			x
Khirbat al-Zawiya		x			x
Khirbat Umm Sabuna		x	x			x
Masil al-Jizl	x		x		x	x
Qumya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Sirin	x	x	x	x	x	x
Tall al-Shawk	x	x	x	x	x	x
Umm 'Ajra	x	x	x		x	x
Yubla	x	x	x	x	x	x
Zab'a	x	x	x		x	x

Beersheba

	N/M	Mo	PE
al-'Imara
al-Jammama	x	x	x
al-Khalasa

Gaza

	A/S	N/M	S/M	Mo	BZ	PE
al-Batani al-Gharbi	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Batani al-Sharqi	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Faluja		x	x	x	x	x
al-Jiyya		x	x	x	x	x
al-Jura	x	x	x	x		x
al-Khisas	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Masmiyya al-Kabira	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Masmiyya al-Saghira	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Muharraqa	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Sawafir al-Gharbiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Sawafir al-Shamaliyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Sawafir al-Sharqiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Arab Suqrir	x	x	x	x	x
Barbara	x	x	x	x	x	x
Barqa	x	x	x	x	x	x
Bayt Jirja	x	x	x	x	x	x
Bayt Tima	x	x	x	x	x	x
Bayt 'Affa	x	x	x	x	x	x
Bayt Daras	x	x	x	x	x	x
Bi'lin	x	x	x	x	x	x
Burayr	x	x	x	x	x	x
Dayr Sunayd	x	x	x	x	x	x
Dimra	x	x	x	x	x	x
Hamama	x	x	x	x	x	x
Hatta	x	x	x	x	x	x
Hiribya	x	x	x	x¹	x	x
Huj	x	x	x	x	x	x
Hulayqat	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Ibdis	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Iraq al-Manshiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Iraq Suwaydan	x	x	x		x	x
Isdud	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Jaladiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Julis	x	x	x	x	x	x
Jusayr	x	x	x	x	x	x
Karatiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Kawfakha	x	x	x	x	x	x
Kawkaba	x	x	x	x	x	x
Najd	x	x	x	x	x	x
Ni'ilya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Qastina	x	x	x	x	x	x
Simsim	x	x	x	x	x	x
Summil	x	x	x	x	x	x
Tall al-Turmus	x	x	x	x	x	x
Yasur	x	x	x	x	x	x

Haifa

	A/S	N/M	S/M	Mo	BZ	PE
Ijzim	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Jalama						x
Abu Shusha	x	x	x	x	x	x
Abu Zurayq	x	x		x	x	x
al-Ghubayya al-Fawqa , al-Ghubayya al-Tahta	x }1	x	x	x	x	x
al-Kafrayn	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Mansi	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Mazar	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Naghnaghiyya		x	x	x	x	x
al-Rihaniyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Sarafand	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Sawamir			x
al-Tantura		x	x	x	x	x
al-Tira	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Arab al-Fuqara'	x (t)	x		x		x
'Arab al-Nufay'at	x (t)	x		x	x	x
'Arab Zahrat al-Dumayri		x	x	x		x
'Atlit	x	x			x	x
'Ayn Hawd	x	x	x	x	x	x
Balad al-Shaykh	x	x	x	x	x	x
Barrat Qisarya					x	x
Burayka	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Butaymat	x	x	x	x	x	x
Daliyat al-Rawha'	x	x	x	x	x	x
Hawsha			x			x
Jaba'	x	x	x	x	x	x
Kabara	x	x	x		x	x
Khirbat al-Burj		x	x		x	x
Khirbat al-Damun	x	x	x		x	x
Khirbat al-Kasayir			x
Khirbat al-Manara			x
Khirbat al-Mansura			x
Khirbat al-Sarkas			x	x
Khirbat al-Shuna		x	x
Khirbat Lid	x	x			x	x
Khirbat Qumbaza		x	x	x
Khirbat Sa'sa'		x			x
Khubbayza	x	x	x	x	x	x
Qannir	x	x	x	x	x	x
Qira		x	x	x	x	x
Qisarya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Sabbarin	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Sindiyana	x	x	x	x	x	x
Umm al-Shawf	x	x	x	x	x	x
Umm al-Zinat	x	x	x	x	x	x
Wa'arat al-Sarris
Wadi 'Ara	x (e)	x	x	x		x
Yajur	x	x	x	x	x
Kafr Lam	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Ayn Ghazal	x	x	x	x	x	x

Hebron

	A/S	N/M	S/M	Mo	BZ	PE
'Ajjur	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Dawayima	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Qubayba	x	x	x	x	x	x
Barqusya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Bayt Jibrin	x	x	x	x	x	x
Bayt Nattif	x	x	x	x	x	x
Dayr al-Dubban	x	x	x	x	x	x
Dayr Nakhkhas	x	x	x	x	x	x
Khirbat Umm Burj	x	x	x	x	x	x
Kudna	x	x	x	x	x	x
Mughallis	x	x	[Ram]	x	x	x
Ra'na	x	x	x	x	x	x
Tall al-Safi	x	x	x	x	x	x
Zakariyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Zayta	x	x	x	x	x	x
Zikrin	x	x	x	x	x	x

Jaffa

	A/S	N/M	S/M	Mo	BZ	PE
Abu Kishk	x	x		x	x	x
al-'Abbasiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Haram	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Khayriyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Mas'udiyya		x	x	x	x	x
al-Mirr	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Muwaylih	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Safiriyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Sawalima	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Shaykh Muwannis	x	x	x	x		x
Bayt Dajan	x	x	x	x	x	x
Biyar 'Adas	x	x	x	x	x	x
Fajja	x	x	x	x	x	x
Ijlil al-Qibliyya		x	x	x }1	x	x
Ijlil al-Shamaliyya	x	x	x	x }1	x	x
al-Jammasin al-Gharbi , al-Jammasin al-Sharqi	x	x	x	x }1	x	x
Jarisha		x	x		x	x
Kafr 'Ana	x	x	x	x	x	x
Rantiya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Salama	x	x	x	x	x	x
Saqiya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Yazur	x	x	x	x	x	x

Jenin

	A/S	N/M	S/M	Mo	BZ	PE
al-Lajjun	x (e)	x	x	x	x	x
al-Mazar	x	x	x	x	x	x
Khirbat al-Jawfa		x		x		x
Nuris	x	x	x	x	x	x
Zir'in	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Ayn al-Mansi	x	x	x		x	x

Jerusalem

	A/S	N/M	S/M	Mo	BZ	PE
al-Qastal	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Jura	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Maliha	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Qabu	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Walaja	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Allar	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Aqqur	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Artuf	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Ayn Karim	x	x	x	x	x	x
Bayt 'Itab	x	x	[Ram]	x	x	x
Bayt Mahsir	x	x	x	x	x	x
Bayt Naqquba	x (e)	x	x	x	x	x
Bayt Thul	x	x	x	x	x	x
Bayt Umm al-Mays	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Burayj	x	x	[Ram]	x	x	x
Dayr 'Amr	x	x	x	x¹	x	x
Dayr Aban	x	x	[Ram]	x	x	x
Dayr al-Hawa	x	x	[Ram]	x	x	x
Dayr al-Shaykh	x	x	x	x	x	x
Dayr Rafat	x	x	[Ram]	x	x	x
Deir Yasin	x	x	x	x	x	x
Ishwa'	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Islin	x	x	x	x	x	x
Jarash	x	x	[Ram]	x	x	x
Kasla	x	x	x	x	x	x
Khirbat al-'Umur	x	x	x	x	x	x
Khirbat al-Lawz	x	x	x		x	x
Khirbat al-Tannur						x
Khirbat Ism Allah	x	x	[Ram]	x	x	x
Lifta	x	x	x	x	x	x
Nitaf	x	x	x		x	x
Qalunya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Ras Abu 'Ammar	x	x	x	x	x	x
Sar'a	x	x	x	x	x	x
Saris	x	x	x	x	x	x
Sataf	x	x	x	x	x	x
Suba	x	x	x	x	x	x
Sufla	x	x	[Ram]	x	x	x

Nazareth

	A/S	N/M	S/M	Mo	BZ	PE
Indur	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Mujaydil	x	x	x	x	x	x
Ma'lul	x	x	x	x	x	x
Saffuriyya	x	x	x	x	x	x

Ramla

	A/S	N/M	S/M	Mo	BZ	PE
Yibna	x	x	[Gaz]	x	x	x
Abu al-Fadl	x	x	x	x	x	x
Abu Shusha	x	x	x	x	x	x
Ajanjul		x	x		x	x
al-Burj	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Haditha	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Kunayyisa	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Latrun	x		x		x	x
al-Maghar	x	x	[Gaz]	x	x	x
al-Mansura	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Mukhayzin	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Muzayri'a	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Na'ani	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Nabi Rubin	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Qubab	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Tina	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Tira	x	x	x	x	x	x
Aqir	x	x	x	x	x	x
Barfiliya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Barriyya	x		x	x	x	x
Bashshit	x		[Gaz]	x	x	x
Bayt Nabala	x	x	x	x	x	x
Bayt Shanna	x	x	[Jer]	x		x
Bayt Susin	x	x	x	x	x	x
Bayt Jiz	x	x	x	x	x	x
Bir Ma'in	x	x	x	x	x	x
Bir Salim	x	x	x	x		x
Daniyal	x	x	x	x	x	x
Dayr Abu Salama	x	x	x	x	x	x
Dayr Ayyub	x		[Jer]	x	x	x
Dayr Muhaysin	x	x	x	x		x
Dayr Tarif	x	x	x	x	x	x
Idnibba	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Innaba	x	x	x	x	x	x
Jilya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Jimzu	x	x	x	x	x	x
Kharruba	x	x		x	x	x
al-Khayma	x	x	x	x	x	x
Khirbat al-Buwayra	x	x	x		x	x
Khirbat al-Duhayriyya		x	x	x	x
al-Qubayba	x	x	x	x	x	x
Khirbat Bayt Far	x	x	x	x	x
Khirbat Zakariyya	x	x		x	x	x
Khulda	x	x	x	x	x	x
Majdal Yaba	x	x	x	x	x	x
Qatra	x	x	[Gaz]	x	x	x
Qazaza	x	x	x	x	x	x
Qula	x	x	x	x	x	x
Sajad	x	x	x	x	x
Salbit	x	x	[Jer]	x	x	x
Sarafand al-Kharab	x	x	x	x	x	x
Sarafand al-'Amar	x	x	x	x	x	x
Saydun	x	x	x	x	x	x
Shahma	x	x	x	x	x	x
Shilta	x		x	x	x	x
Umm Kalkha	x	x	x		x	x
Wadi Hunayn		x	x	x	x	x
Zarnuqa	x	x	x	x	x	x

Safad

	A/S	N/M	S/M	Mo	BZ	PE
Abil al-Qamh	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-'Abisiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Akbara	x (e)	x (e)
al-'Ulmaniyya		x	x	x	x	x
al-'Urayfiyya
al-Butayha	x	x	x	x
al-Dawwara	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Dirbashiyya		x	x	x	x	x
al-Dirdara	x					x
al-Farradiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Ghabbatiyya	x	x		x	x	x
al-Hamra'				x		x
al-Husayniyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Khisas	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Manshiyya			x
al-Mansura	x (e)	x	x	x	x
al-Muftakhira	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Nabi Yusha'	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Qudayriyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Ras al-Ahmar	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Salihiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Sammu'i	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Sanbariyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Shawka al-Tahta	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Shuna	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Zahiriyya al-Tahta	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Zawiya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Zuq al-Fawqani	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Zuq al-Tahtani	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Alma	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Alma	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Ammuqa	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Arab al-Shamalina	x (t)	x	x	x	x	x
'Arab al-Zubayd	x (t)	x	x	x	x	x
'Ayn al-Zaytun	x	x	x	x	x	x
Baysamun	x	x	x	x	x	x
Biriyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Buwayziyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Dallata	x	x	x	x	x	x
Dayshum	x	x	x	x	x	x
Fara	x	x	x	x	x	x
Fir'im	x	x	x	x	x	x
Ghuraba	x	x	x	x	x	x
Harrawi		x	x			x
Hunin	x	x	x	x	x	x
Jahula		x	x	x	x	x
al-Ja'una	x	x	x	x	x	x
Jubb Yusuf	x	x	x	x	x	x
Kafr Bir'im		x	x	x	x	x
Khirbat al-Muntar
Khirbat Karraza
Khiyam al-Walid	x	x	x	x	x	x
Kirad al-Baqqara	x		x	x	x	x
Kirad al-Ghannama	x	x	x	x	x	x
Lazzaza	x	x	x	x	x	x
Madahil			x	x
al-Malikiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Mallaha	x	x	x	x	x	x
Mansurat al-Khayt	x	x	x	x	x	x
Marus	x	x	x	x	x	x
Mirun	x	x		x	x	x
Mughr al-Khayt	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Na'ima	x	x	x	x	x
Qabba'a	x	x	x	x		x
Qadas	x	x	x	x	x	x
Qaddita	x	x	x	x	x	x
Qaytiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Sa'sa'	x	x	x	x	x	x
Sabalan	x	x	x	x		x
Safsaf	x	x	x	x	x	x
Saliha	x	x	x	x	x
Taytaba	x	x	x	x	x	x
Tulayl		x	x	x		x
al-Wayziyya		x	x	x	x	x
Yarda	x	x	x			x
al-Zanghariyya	x (e)	x	x	x	x	x
al-Khalisa	x	x		x
Khan al-Duwayr			x		x	x

Tiberias

	A/S	N/M	S/M	Mo	BZ	PE
al-Shajara	x	x	x	x	x	x
Ma'dhar	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-'Ubaydiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Dalhamiyya	x	x	x		x	x
al-Hamma	x		x		x
al-Majdal	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Manara	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Manshiyya		x
al-Mansura	x	x	x		x	x
al-Nuqayb	x	x	x		x	x
al-Samakiyya	x	x	x		x	x
al-Samra	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Tabigha	x	x	x	x¹	x	x
Khirbat al-Wa'ra al-Sawda'		x	x		x	x
Ghuwayr Abu Shusha	x	x	x	x	x	x
Hadatha	x	x	x	x	x
Hittin	x	x	x	x	x	x
Kafr Sabt	x	x	x	x	x	x
Lubya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Nasir al-Din	x	x	x	x	x	x
Nimrin	x	x	x	x	x	x
Samakh	x	x	x	x	x	x
'Awlam	x	x	x	x	x	x
Wadi al-Hamam		x
Yaquq	x	x	x	x	x	x

Tulkarm

	A/S	N/M	S/M	Mo	BZ	PE
al-Manshiyya	x	x	x	x	x	x
Khirbat Bayt Lid	x	x	x	x
Bayyarat Hannun						x
Fardisya	x	x	x			x
Ghabat Kafr Sur	x		x			x
Kafr Saba	x	x	x	x	x	x
al-Jalama			x		x	x
Khirbat al-Majdal		x
Khirbat al-Zababida	x	x	x
Khirbat Zalafa	x	x	x	x
Miska	x	x		x	x	x
Qaqun	x	x	x	x	x	x
Raml Zayta	x	x		x	x	x
Tabsur	x	x	x	x	x	x
Umm Khalid	x	x	x	x	x	x
Wadi al-Hawarith ¹	x		x	x		x
Wadi Qabbani	x	x	x	x		x

Organizations and parties with which the settlements were affiliated

Leftist Organizations and Parties

Ichud ha-Qevutzot we-ha-Qibbutzim - IQ ("Union of Collective Settlements")

The Ichud ha-Qevutzot we-ha-Qibbutzim was an umbrella group which represented qibbutzim and qevutzot (communal settlements which were smaller and less permanent than qibbutzim). It was founded in 1951 as a result of the merger of Chever ha-Qevutzot ("Association of Communal Settlements," the qibbutz arm of Ha-Po'el ha-Za'ir and one of Mapai's precursors) and Ichud ha-Qibbutzim, which was formed in 1951 by the Mapai members of the United Qibbutz Movement. Ichud ha-Qevutzot we-ha-Qibbutzim was more liberal than the other two primary qibbutz federations, the United Qibbutz Movement and Ha-Qibbutz ha-'Artzi/Ha-Shomer ha-Za'ir.

Ha-Qibbutz ha-'Artzi - QA ("The National Qibbutz Movement")

Ha-Qibbutz ha-'Artzi, a union of qibbutzim (collective, primarily agricultural communities), was founded in 1927 by four qibbutzim of the HaShomer ha-Za'ir ("Young Guard") youth movement, which itself had been founded in 1915. Ha-Qibbutz Ha-'Artzi advocated the creation of a single, binational socialist state. Ha-Qibbutz ha-'Artzi called for a union of all Yishuv workers who followed the principles of socialist Zionism. In 1936, after failing to create such a labor union, the organization created the Socialist League to act as its political arm. The two groups merged in 1946 and formed the Ha-Shomer ha-Za'ir political party; this party joined the new Mapam party upon its creation in 1948.

Tenu'at Ha-Qibbutz ha-Me'uchad - UQ ("United Qibbutz Movement")

The Tenu'at Ha-Qibbutz ha-Me'uchad was founded in 1927. The movement created large settlements, each open to members of the Yishuv who wanted to join, regardless of ideology. It was active in bringing in illegal immigrants and, in an effort to integrate them into the Yishuv, accepted them into its membership. During the Mandate period, it played an active role in the operations of the Haganah and was instrumental in the creation of the Palrnach.

In the 1940s, most of the movement's members belonged to the left-wing faction of Mapai. However, when Mapai dissolved in 1944, the Movement became the core of the Laborite Achdut ha-Avodah. Achdut ha-Avodah was more radically socialist than Mapai regarding internal affairs, yet more right-wing in matters of defense policy. Achdut ha-Avodah joined Ha-Shomer ha-Za'ir in forming Mapam in 1948.

Centrist Organizations and Parties

Hit'achdut ha-Ikkarim be-Yisra'el - FF ("Farmers' Federation of Israel")

Hit'achdut ha-Ikkarim be-Yisra'el was an association of private farmers. It was an offshoot of an organization called the Union of Moshavot in Judea and Samaria, which was founded in 1920 with a membership of seven agricultural villages (moshavot). While most Zionist agricultural groups insisted on building a society based exclusively on Jewish labor, the Federation hired Arab workers, who were less organized and therefore willing to work for lower wages; this practice alienated the Federation from other similar groups.

The primary purpose of the Federation was to represent the economic and cultural interests of its constituency, primarily through the establishment of mortgage and benefit funds and of marketing cooperatives.

Ha-Ichud ha-Chaqla'i - IC ("The Agricultural Union")

Ha-Ichud ha-Chaqla'i was an umbrella group which provided marketing and financial support for many moshavim (agricultural settlements in which each household farmed its own land but in which services such as marketing, education, and medical care were provided by the cooperative).

Tenu'at ha-Moshavim - MM ("Moshavim Movement")

Tenu'at ha-Moshavim was founded in the mid-1930s to address the problems faced by existing moshavim and to help establish additional moshavim. The movement established financial institutions, such as insurance and pension funds, for the use of its members. By 1948, there were 58 moshavim affiliated with the movement.

Ha-'Oved ha-Tziyoni - OT ("The Zionist Worker")

Ha-'Oved ha-Tziyoni was founded in November 1935 by Eastern European immigrants, many of whom were members of qibbutzim. The organization espoused the principle of a single labor federation for Jews in Palestine. Ha-'Oved ha-Tziyoni worked to make the principle of exclusive reliance on Jewish labor a cornerstone of the Yishuv's economy but wished to prevent the concept from stirring up class conflicts. In 1948, the group helped to form the Progressive Party.

Rightist Organizations and Parties

Cherut - Ch ("Freedom")

The far right-wing Cherut movement was founded as a political party in July 1948 by Menachem Begin's Irgun Tzeva'i le-Ummi group. Cherut espoused the creation of a Greater Israel on both banks of the Jordan and called for mass Jewish settlement. Cherut won 14 Knesset seats (11.5%) in the 1949 elections.

Po'ale Agudat Yisra'el - PA ("Agudat Yisra'el Workers")

The working class faction of the ultra-orthodox and anti-Zionist Agudat Yisra'el, Po'ale Agudat Yisra'el was founded in Lodz, Poland in 1922 and brought to Israel in 1925 by new Orthodox settlers. In spite of its anti-Zionist ideology, Po'ale Agudat Yisra'el, like the other movements mentioned, nevertheless supported the establishment of a Jewish state.

Ha-Po'el ha-Mitzrachi - PM ("Workers of the Spiritual Center")

Ha-Po'el ha-Mitzrachi, a workers' offshoot of the Mitzrachi faction of the WorId Zionist Organization, was a religious settlement and labor movement founded in April 1922. The group's ideology, called Torah we-Avodah ("Torah and Labor"), called for a synthesis of religion and non-Marxian agrarian socialism as the foundation for the Yishuv.

Its founders viewed settlement activity as a religious commandment; consequently, they were not accepted into the existing socialistic labor movement.

The organization began settlement activities in the early 1920s and had established eight moshavim by 1948. It began to establish religious qibbutzim in 1938. By 1948, ten such settlements were in place and an additional six were planned.

Political disputes between Ha-Po'el ha-Mitzrachi and the Mitzrachi movement ultimately led to the groups' merger under the dominance of the former organization and the formation of the National Religious Party.

Ha-Qibbutz ha-Dati - QD ("The Religious Qibbutz")

Ha-Qibbutz ha-Dati was founded in 1935 by German members of Ha-Po'el ha-Mitzrachi movement and by Polish members of the Mitzrachi Pioneers. It established ten qibbutzim by 1948. Through its doctrine of religious socialism, the organization strove to make religion and labor the foundation of the Yishuv.

Military Operation	Start Date	End Date
Operation An-Far (AF )	08 Jul 1948	15 Jul 1948	Read more
Operation Barak (Ba )	09 May 1948	13 May 1948	Read more
Operation Ben-Ami (BA )	13 May 1948	21 May 1948	Read more
Operation Bi'ur Hametz (BH )	22 Apr 1948	24 Apr 1948	Read more
Operation Dani (Da )	09 Jul 1948	18 Jul 1948	Read more
Operation Dekel (De )	08 Jul 1948	18 Jul 1948	Read more
Operation Gideon (Gi )	10 May 1948	15 May 1948	Read more
Operation ha-Har (HH )	19 Oct 1948	24 Oct 1948	Read more
Operation Hametz (Ha )	24 Apr 1948	13 May 1948	Read more
Operation Hiram (Hi )	28 Oct 1948	31 Oct 1948	Read more
Operation Makkabi (Ma )	08 May 1948	31 May 1948	Read more
Operation Nachshon (Na )	03 Apr 1948	15 Apr 1948	Read more
Operation Yiftach (Yi )	15 Apr 1948	25 May 1948	Read more
Operation Yoav (Yo )	15 Oct 1948	04 Nov 1948	Read more

Acre

Acre
Place	BA	De	Hi
al-Birwa	X	X
al-Bassa	X
'Amqa		X
al-Damun		X
al-Ghabisiyya	X
al-Kabri	X	X
al-Manshiyya	X
al-Mansura			X
al-Nahr	X
al-Sumayriyya	X
al-Tall	X
al-Zib	X
Dayr al-Qasi			X
Iqrit			X
Kafr 'Inan			X
Khirbat 'Iribbin			X
Khirbat Jiddin		X	X
Kuwaykat		X
Mi'ar		X
Suhmata			X
Tarbikha			X
Umm al-Faraj	X
'Arab al-Samniyya			X

Baysan

Baysan
Place	AF	Ba	BA	BH	Da	De	Gi	Ha	HH	Hi	Ma	Na	Yi	Yo
al-Ashrafiyya							X
al-Fatur							X
al-Sakhina							X
Khirbat al-Taqa							X
Khirbat Umm Sabuna							X

Beersheba

Beersheba
Place	AF	Ba	BA	BH	Da	De	Gi	Ha	HH	Hi	Ma	Na	Yi	Yo
al-Jammama		X
al-Khalasa														X

Gaza

Gaza
Place	AF	Ba	HH	Yo
al-Batani al-Gharbi		X
al-Jiyya				X
al-Jura				X
al-Khisas				X
al-Masmiyya al-Kabira	X
al-Sawafir al-Gharbiyya		X
al-Sawafir al-Shamaliyya		X
al-Sawafir al-Sharqiyya		X
'Arab Suqrir		X
Barbara				X
Bayt Jirja				X
Bayt Tima				X
Bayt 'Affa				X
Bayt Daras		X
Bi'lin	X
Burayr		X
Dayr Sunayd				X
Dimra				X
Hamama				X
Hiribya				X
Hulayqat		X
'Iraq al-Manshiyya				X
'Iraq Suwaydan				X
Isdud		X	X	X
Julis		X
Kawkaba		X		X
Ni'ilya				X
Tall al-Turmus	X
Yasur		X

Haifa

Haifa
Place	BH	De	Yo
al-Rihaniyya	X
Khirbat al-Manara		X
Khirbat al-Mansura	X
Umm al-Zinat	X
Kafr Lam			X

Hebron

Hebron
Place	AF	HH	Yo
'Ajjur			X
al-Dawayima			X
al-Qubayba			X
Barqusya	X
Bayt Jibrin		X	X
Bayt Nattif		X
Dayr al-Dubban			X
Dayr Nakhkhas			X
Khirbat Umm Burj			X
Kudna			X
Mughallis	X
Ra'na			X
Tall al-Safi	X
Zakariyya		X	X
Zayta	X
Zikrin			X

Jaffa

Jaffa
Place	AF	Ba	BA	BH	Da	De	Gi	Ha	HH	Hi	Ma	Na	Yi	Yo
al-'Abbasiyya								X
al-Khayriyya								X
al-Safiriyya								X
al-Sawalima								X
Bayt Dajan								X
Kafr 'Ana								X
Rantiya
Salama								X
Yazur								X

Jenin

Jerusalem

Jerusalem
Place	HH	Ma	Na
al-Qastal			X
al-Jura
al-Maliha
al-Qabu	X
al-Walaja	X
'Allar	X
'Aqqur
'Artuf
Bayt 'Itab	X
Bayt Mahsir		X	X
Bayt Naqquba			X
Bayt Thul		X	X
Bayt Umm al-Mays	X
al-Burayj	X
Dayr 'Amr
Dayr Aban	X
Dayr al-Hawa	X
Dayr al-Shaykh	X
Dayr Rafat
Deir Yasin			X
Ishwa'
'Islin
Jarash	X
Kasla
Khirbat al-'Umur	X
Khirbat al-Lawz
Khirbat al-Tannur	X
Khirbat Ism Allah
Nitaf			X
Qalunya			X
Sar'a
Saris			X
Sataf
Suba
Sufla	X

Nazareth

Nazareth
Place	AF	Ba	BA	BH	Da	De	Gi	Ha	HH	Hi	Ma	Na	Yi	Yo
al-Mujaydil						X
Ma'lul						X
Saffuriyya						X

Ramla

Ramla
Place	AF	Ba	Ma	Na
Yibna		X
Abu al-Fadl		X
Abu Shusha		X	X
al-Burj
al-Haditha
al-Kunayyisa
al-Latrun			X
al-Maghar		X
al-Mansura		X		X
al-Mukhayzin				X
al-Muzayri'a
al-Na'ani		X
al-Nabi Rubin		X
al-Qubab		X
al-Tina	X
al-Tira
Barfiliya
al-Barriyya		X
Bayt Nabala
Bayt Susin				X
Bayt Jiz				X
Bir Ma'in
Daniyal
Dayr Abu Salama
Dayr Ayyub			X	X
Dayr Muhaysin				X
Dayr Tarif
Idnibba	X
'Innaba
Jimzu
Kharruba
al-Khayma	X
Khirbat al-Buwayra
al-Qubayba		X
Khirbat Bayt Far			X	X
Khulda				X
Majdal Yaba
Qazaza	X
Sajad	X
Salbit
Sarafand al-Kharab				X
Sarafand al-'Amar		X
Saydun				X
Shilta
Umm Kalkha		X		X
Wadi Hunayn				X
Zarnuqa		X

Safad

Safad
Place	Hi	Yi
Abil al-Qamh		X
al-'Abisiyya		X
'Akbara		X
al-'Ulmaniyya		X
al-Butayha		X
al-Dawwara		X
al-Dirbashiyya		X
al-Farradiyya	X	X
Ghabbatiyya	X
al-Hamra'		X
al-Husayniyya		X
al-Manshiyya		X
al-Mansura		X
al-Muftakhira		X
al-Nabi Yusha'	X	X
al-Qudayriyya		X
al-Ras al-Ahmar	X
al-Salihiyya		X
al-Sammu'i	X
al-Sanbariyya		X
al-Shawka al-Tahta		X
al-Shuna		X
al-Zawiya		X
al-Zuq al-Fawqani		X
al-Zuq al-Tahtani		X
'Alma	X
'Ammuqa		X
'Arab al-Shamalina		X
'Arab al-Zubayd		X
'Ayn al-Zaytun		X
Baysamun		X
Biriyya		X
al-Buwayziyya		X
Dallata		X
Dayshum	X
Fara	X
Fir'im		X
Ghuraba		X
Harrawi		X
Hunin		X
al-Ja'una		X
Jubb Yusuf		X
Kafr Bir'im	X
Khirbat al-Muntar		X
Khiyam al-Walid		X
Kirad al-Baqqara		X
Kirad al-Ghannama		X
Lazzaza		X
al-Malikiyya	X
Mallaha		X
Marus	X
Mirun	X	X
Mughr al-Khayt		X
al-Na'ima		X
Qabba'a		X
Qadas	X	X
Qaddita		X
Sa'sa'	X
Sabalan	X
Safsaf	X
Saliha	X
Taytaba	X
Tulayl		X
Yarda		X
al-Zanghariyya		X
al-Khalisa		X
Khan al-Duwayr		X

Tiberias

Tiberias
Place	De	Hi	Yi
al-Mansura		X
al-Samakiyya			X
al-Tabigha			X
Khirbat al-Wa'ra al-Sawda'	X
Hittin	X
Lubya	X
Nimrin	X

Throughout the country, rubble and fragments of walls are all that remains of many villages occupied and depopulated by Israel since 1948:

Some villages have now almost totally disappeared under pasture and agricultural land:

In some places, parks and recreation grounds have been laid out over village sites:

Whereas most villages were totally demolished in 1948 or soon after, in others some houses were left to decay after the flight or expulsion of their inhabitants:

Leftist Organizations and Parties

Centrist Organizations and Parties

Rightist Organizations and Parties

Acre

Baysan

Beersheba

Gaza

Haifa

Hebron

Jaffa

Jerusalem

Nazareth

Ramla

Safad

Tiberias

Throughout the country, rubble and fragments of walls are all that remains of many villages occupied and depopulated by Israel since 1948:

Some villages have now almost totally disappeared under pasture and agricultural land:

In some places, parks and recreation grounds have been laid out over village sites:

Whereas most villages were totally demolished in 1948 or soon after, in others some houses were left to decay after the flight or expulsion of their inhabitants:

Often the village school was the only building left standing in the village:

Abandoned and decaying mosques, churches and shrines bear witness to villages which have now almost disappeared:

Throughout the country, village cemeteries have been encroached upon or have fallen into decay:

Other village houses and buildings have been reused for a wide variety of purposes: